Оценка влияния экстракта зоогумуса на биохимию и вегетативный рост стевии медовой (Stevia Rebaudiana)

Одним из положений доктрины продовольственной безопасности России регламентируется создание устойчивых и эффективных технологий экологического выращивания растений, продуцирующих сладкие вещества как природные сахарозаменители. Во многом это обусловлено высокой распространенностью болезней, ассоциированных с избыточным потреблением рафинированных углеводов. В связи с этим требуется системная модификация образа жизни и рациона питания людей из группы высокого риска. Среди растений-сахарозаменителей выделяют стевию медовую (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). В настоящее время созданы районированные сорта, предназначенные для возделывания стевии в отдельных климатических регионах России. Однако при выращивании культуры в открытом грунте аграрии зачастую сталкиваются с проблемой слабой всхожести исходного семенного материала, которая для большинства культивируемых генотипов не превышает 15–25 %. Перспективной альтернативой данному подходу является выращивание стевии на искусственных нейтральных субстратах, в закрытом грунте с использованием метода интенсивной светокультуры, при минимизации или полном отказе от внесения минеральных удобрений. На сегодняшний день практически отсутствуют технологические решения, адаптированные для органического выращивания данной культуры с целью максимизации скорости ее роста и оптимизации конечных морфологических и биохимических показателей. Поэтому целью данного исследования являлось проведение сравнительной оценки влияния разных удобрительных методик на урожайность и обмен веществ в зеленой биомассе листьев растений. В качестве органического варианта предложен способ выращивания растений в защищенном грунте с применением нового типа органического удобрения в виде жидких экстрактов, полученных из зоогумуса насекомого черной львинки (Hermetia illucens). Срок вегетации составил 60 суток. Экспериментальный дизайн был рандомизирован десятью повторностями на каждый вариант. Полученные при сборе и анализе зеленой биомассы экспериментальные данные, помимо традиционных методов статистической обработки, были проанализированы с помощью специализированной прогностической нейросети, разработанной авторами. Нейросеть позволяет рассчитывать индексы когнитивной значимости урожая (Cognitive Salience Index), которые используются для количественной оценки интенсивности массона-копительных и биохимических процессов в растениях при определении оптимального режима их питания. Расчеты производились на основе сопоставления изменений содержания компонентов в конечном профиле аминокислот, жирных кислот и пуле эссенциальных элементов, с вариабельностью накопления общего хлорофилла и биометрическими характеристиками побегов. В удобрительную схему опыта также был заложен вариант чистого контроля, предусматривающий выращивание растений на фильтрованной воде. По итогу по всем полученным показателям здесь были зафиксированы минимальные значения в росте и развитии. Разница в наборе веса, высоты, метаболизме и аккумуляции биогенных веществ между вариантами растений, выращенных на минеральной и органической основе, была несущественна, что доказывает перспективу использования последних в качестве экологической альтернативы. При этом, уровень консолидации питательных веществ в биомассе растений, выращенных с применением зоогумуса H. Illucens, превышал аналогичный показатель для минерального удобрения по индексу CSIfract.

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