Микронутриенты и биоактивные соединения в нейропротекции: потенциал, механизмы, источники

Нутритивная поддержка как стратегия, альтернативная или дополняющая традиционную фармакотерапию, демонстрирует значительный потенциал в модуляции патогенетических механизмов нейродегенеративных и нейропсихических расстройств. В данном обзоре обобщены современные данные о роли микронутриентов и биологически активных соединений в нейропротекции и нейрорегуляции. Рассматриваются механизмы действия витаминов (E, D, K, A, группы B, C), минералов (селена, цинка, магния, железа, меди, йода, марганца), а также полиненасыщенных жирных кислот на модуляцию антиоксидантной защиты, синаптической пластичности, нейровоспаления и метаболизма нейромедиаторов. Особое внимание уделяется их способности снижать окислительный стресс и эксайтотоксичность, одновременно усиливая нейротрофическую поддержку (BDNF, NGF). Подчеркивается значение синергии нутриентов, например, комбинации витамина B12 с омега-3, для усиления нейропротективного эффекта. Обсуждаются проблемы переноса результатов доклинических исследований в клиническую практику, включая вариабельность биодоступности и необходимость персонализированного питания. Дальнейшие исследования должны быть направлены на разработку комплексных диетических стратегий и изучение роли кишечной микробиоты в метаболизме нейроактивных соединений.

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