Подробный обзор производства, свойств и применения циклодекстринов

Циклодекстрины (ЦД) — это циклические олигосахариды, образующиеся в результате ферментативного преобразования крахмала в глюкозу, катализируемого циклодекстринглюканотрансферазой (ЦГТазой). Они состоят из шести (α-ЦД), семи (β-ЦД) или восьми (γ-ЦД) молекул глюкозы, соединенных между собой α-1,4-гликозидными связями. Европейское агентство по безопасности пищевых продуктов (EFSA) считает циклодекстринглюканотрансферазу безопасной для использования в пищевых продуктах. ЦГТаза — это внеклеточный фермент, который встречается в природе на клеточном уровне и вырабатывается различными микроорганизмами, такими как грибки, бактерии и археи. Примерно 90 % бактерий, вырабатывающих ЦГТазу, принадлежат к роду Bacillus. Циклодекстрины образуются несколькими молекулами глюкозы, ковалентно соединенными атомами кислорода. Они имеют форму усеченного конуса с гидрофильной внешней частью и менее гидрофильной внутренней частью. Благодаря многочисленным преимуществам ЦД считаются полезными для здоровья питательными веществами и биологически активными пищевыми добавками. ЦД и их производные находят разнообразное применение в пищевой, косметической и фармацевтической промышленности, причем наиболее распространено их использование в пищевых продуктах. В пищевой промышленности ЦД в первую очередь служат в качестве вспомогательных ингредиентов, таких как добавки для улучшения физико-химических свойств различных пищевых компонентов. Например, их можно использовать для стабилизации ароматических и вкусовых соединений, полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК) и плохо растворимых в воде витаминов или питательных веществ, а также для улучшения растворимости и биодоступности лекарственных средств. Токсикологические исследования показали, что ЦД безопасны для перорального применения. Во многих исследованиях изучалось введение обычных лекарственных средств или природных биологически активных веществ в полости ЦД с целью лучшего понимания их воздействия на различные линии раковых клеток in vitro. ЦД используются в косметических продуктах для продления срока их годности, стабилизации летучих химических ингредиентов, уменьшения неприятного вкуса или запаха и предотвращения или уменьшения местного раздражения. Циклодекстрины остаются в центре внимания исследований благодаря своей способности инкапсулировать молекулы и выполнять функции катализаторов и носителей для широкого спектра химических соединений. 

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