Микроводоросли и насекомые как альтернативные источники белка: преимущества и риски

Продукты животного происхождения традиционно считаются основными источниками белка, однако ввиду увеличения населения планеты и загрязнения окружающей среды возникает необходимость поиска новых решений для удовлетворения базовой потребности человека в питании. Альтернативой могут стать насекомые и микроводоросли — группы организмов, которые по своим питательным свойствам и химическому составу не уступают продуктам животного происхождения. Они способны оказывать благоприятное воздействие на организм человека за счет высокого содержания витаминов, полиненасыщенных жирных кислот и антиоксидантов. Введение съедобных насекомых или микроводорослей в рацион питания человека имеет множество преимуществ и для окружающей среды, включая сокращение общего объема парниковых газов, снижение потребления земельных ресурсов и воды. В настоящем обзоре рассмотрен химический состав микроводорослей и некоторых видов насекомых, отмечено влияние компонентов сырья на здоровье человека, описаны сопутствующие биологически активные соединения, а также основные технологии культивирования и примеры коммерческого использования. В России ввиду климатических особенностей возможно только сезонное выращивание микроводорослей в открытых бассейнах. Фитобиореакторы для круглогодичной работы требуют значительных финансовых вложений, особенно на дополнительное освещение и обогрев. Микроводоросли в России не пользуются большой популярностью, преимущественно применяются в составе биологически активных добавок. Съедобные насекомые могут быть выращены с использованием вторичных ресурсов и требуют меньших первоначальных вложений. На сегодняшний день они рассматриваются учеными в качестве источника белка для сельскохозяйственных животных.

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