Структурные характеристики генома вируса лейкоза крупного рогатого скота: мини-обзор

Энзоотический лейкоз крупного рогатого скота — это инфекционное заболевание с хроническим течением, вызываемое РНК-содержащим вирусом из рода Deltaretrovirus. Несмотря на внедрение различных программ по ликвидации лейкоза, заболевание остается широко распространенным на планете и продолжает наносить значительный экономический ущерб. Большинство инфицированных вирусом BLV животных остаются бессимптомными носителями вируса, что осложняет постановку диагноза и способствует распространению заболевания в стаде. Структура генома вируса BLV в целом типична для представителей ретровирусов. В его состав входят гены, кодирующие структурные белки, вирусные ферменты и регуляторные элементы, фланкированные с обеих сторон идентичными длинными концевыми повторами. Гены, кодирующие ферменты и структурные белки (gag, pro, pol и env), играют важнейшую роль в жизненном цикле вируса, оказывая влияние на его инфекционность и производство вирионов. Регуляторные гены tax и rex обеспечивают регуляцию вирусной транскрипции, экспорт транскриптов из ядра в цитоплазму и прогрессирование заболевания. При этом увеличение числа копий провирусной ДНК происходит в основном не за счёт функционирования обратной транскриптазы вируса, а посредством клонального размножения пораженных субпопуляций B-клеток, преимущественно CD5+ IgM+. Данная особенность обеспечивает повышенную генетическую стабильность вируса BLV. Эти свойства вирусного генома позволяют разрабатывать разнообразные ПЦР-тест системы, широкое внедрение которых позволяет выявлять носителей болезни на ранних стадиях, что должно способствовать эффективной реализации национальных программ искоренения лейкоза крупного рогатого скота.

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