New technologies of ice roads construction to maintain the sustainable cold chain of supply in the northern regions of Russia

The article reviews the current state of winter ice roads (winter glacial roads) and presents data that confirm the necessity of their service life extension in order to maintain the uninterrupted cold chain of supply in the northern regions of Russia. The regulatory documents that regulate the design engineering and construction of winter ice roads are analyzed. The existing methods and technologies of winter roads construction have been analyzed. The possibility of using the geosynthetic materials for ice roads reinforcement is considered, as well as possible challenges arising from their use are exposed for consideration. The use of chemical modifiers for the creation of structural materials based on water ice is shown to be prospective and promising, especially in combination with the reinforcement of ice blocks. Modern approaches to choice of ice modifying compounds and materials for ice reinforcing are described, as well as criteria achieved on the basis of their application. The scientific studies confirming the possibility of a significant increase in the bearing capacity of glacial coverage and, as a result, an earlier start of their operation is carried out. It is shown that the combined use of reinforcement and ice modifiers allowed the ice sample to maintain its integrity even under exposure to significant deformation loads. The technical possibility of additional reinforcement of ice transport routes as a result of optimizing the modal parameters of their formation, depending on weather conditions, is also described.

1. Dobromirov, V. N., Fomin, K. I., Meike, U. N. (November 17, 2021). Evaluation of the destructive impact of construction dump trucks on the support surface of auto-zimers. Processing of the International Scientific and Practical Online Conference: Arctic: Innovative technologies, Personnel, Tourism. Voronezh, Russia, 2021. (In Russian)

2. Nevzorov, V. N., Matskevich, I. V., Teplyashin, V. N. (April 24–29, 2019). Formation of transport and logistics schemes of delivery of products of slaughter of reindeer of the Krasnoyarsk territory. Processing of the XIV International Scientific and Practical Conference: Logistics — the Eurasian Bridge. Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 2019. (In Russian)

3. Shapkina, A. M., Zabelin, M. M. (2017). Commercial reindeer-raising of taymyr: state and prospects of development. Achievements of Science and Technology in Agro-Industrial Complex, 31(9), 39–47. (In Russian)

4. Lyapustin, S. N., Barei, N. S. (2022). On the Peculiarities of State Control over the Observance of Prohibitions and Restrictions when Exporting Wild Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Products. Customs policy of Russia on Long-Distance Production, 1(98), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.24412/1815–0683–2022–1–51–65 (In Russian)

5. Maximov, A.F. (2019). Deep processing of reindeer husbandry products: opportunities and directions for development. Proceedings of the Komi Scientific center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4(40), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.19110/1994–5655–2019–4–110–118 (in Russian)

6. Ivanov, V.A. (2021). State and directions for development of the rural economy of the Komi Republic. Herald of the Institute of Economic Research, 2 (22), 29–37. (In Russian)

7. Belozerov, G. A. (2012). Sustainable cold chain. Meat Technologies, 5(113), 26–28. (In Russian)

8. Belozerov, G. A., Andreev, S. P. (2013). Principles of forming sustainable cold chains. Meat Technologies, 7(127), 26–28. (In Russian)

9. Slobodchikov N. A. (31 May — 04 June, 2021). Problems of temperature control during transportation of regime cargoes. Proceedings of the XXIV international scientific conference: Wave electronics and info communication systems. Saint Petersburg, Russia, 2021. (In Russian)

10. Poleshkina, I. O. (2018). Problems of food security in the regions of the far north of Russia. Economy of Regions, 14(3), 820–835. https://doi.org/10.17059/2018–3–10 (In Russian)

11. Grigoryev, S. I. (2016). Roads of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Young Scientist, 30(134), 47–50. (In Russian)

12. Yakimenko, O. V. (2015). Reinforcement of ice crossings. Construction Techniques and Technologies, 2(2), 68–73. (In Russian)

13. Fedorov, S. A. (2020). Extended use duration ice-road ferries (according to materials collected in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Processing Scientific and Practical Conference: Far East: Problems of Development of Architectural and Construction Complex. Khabarovsk: Pacific State University, 2020. (In Russian)

14. Nokelaynen, T. S. (2021). Mapping of seasonal road transport accessibility in the Arctic region of Russia. InterCarto. InterGIS, Proceedings of the International conference. Moscow: MSU, Faculty of Geography, 2021. https://doi.org/10.35595/2414–9179–2021–2–27–102–113. (In Russian)

15. Masterson, D. M. (2009). State of the art of ice bearing capacity and ice construction. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58(3), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.04.002

16. Doudkin, M., Kim, A., Guryanov, G., Eleukenov, M., Bugaev, A., Rogovsky, V. et al. (2019). Process modeling and experimental verification of the conditions of ice coverage destruction of automobile roads. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, 42(4), 1–8.

17. Bouznik, V. M., Prorokova, N. P. (2020). Ice — planetary and human contents. Physics of Fibrous Materials: Structure, Properties, Science Intensive Technologies and Materials (SMARTEX), 1, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.47367/2413–6514_2020_1_171 (In Russian)

18. Suleymanov, A. A. (2022). Automobile winter roads in transport system of Yakutia in early 1930–1991. Nauchnyi Dialog, 11(7), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.24224/2227–1295–2022–11–7–467–482. (In Russian)

19. Suleymanov, A. A. (2019). “Resources of cold” in transport system of Yakutia. End of XIX — begin of ХХI centuries. Traditional National-Cultural and Spiritual Values Innovative Development Basis of Russia, 1(15), 60–64. (In Russian)

20. Davydov, N. V., Raishev, D. V. (April 14, 2010). Classification of reinforcing materials for the construction of winter roads. Materials of the International Scientific and Technical Conference: Transport and transporttechnological systems. Tyumen. Russia, 2010. (In Russian)

21. Skripchenko, E. A., Ignatova, O. A. (21 May, 2021). Features of winter roads and crossings. Proceedings of 3rd International Scientific and Technical Conference: Automobiles, transport systems and processes: present, past and future. Kursk: Southwest State University 2021. (In Russian)

22. Fedorova, L. L., Omelyanenko, A. V., Fedorov, M. P., Savvin D. V. (2015). Results of experimental georadar installations of ice crossings and highways of Yakutia. Science and Education, 1(77), 61–65. (In Russian)

23. Charlebois, L., Barrette, P. (August 18–22, 2019). Ice reinforcement: Selection criteria for winter road applications and outcomes of preliminary testing. Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering and 8th Canadian Permafrost Conference. Quebec: Canada, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482599.014

24. Ipatov, K. I., Vasilyev, A. S., Zemlyak, V. L., (2019). Study of the influence of surface reinforcement on the bearing capacity of ice. Computational Continuum Mechanics, 12(1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.7242/1999–6691/2019.12.1.9 (In Russian)

25. Timofeeva, M. G. (2017). Use of “pykrete” for reinforcement of ice crossings, Scientific and Practical Research, 4(4), 70–72. (In Russian)

26. Lotysheva, A. A., Yakimenko, O. V., Lunev, A. A. (25–26 November, 2021). Experimental studies of reinforced ice. Proceedings of VI International Scientific and Practical Conference: Architectural, Construction and Road Transport Complexes: Problems, Prospects, Innovations. Omsk, Russia, 2021. (In Russian)

27. Ipatov, K. I., Vasilyev, A. S., Zemlyak, V. L., Leskov, E. V. (2019). Carrying capacities of the ice cover with surface reinforcement. School of Engineering Bulletin, 3(40), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.24866/2227–6858/2019–3–1 (In Russian)

28. Kozin, V. M., Vasilyev, A. S., Zemlyak, V. L., Ipatov K. I. (2019). Research of the limiting state of ice cover under conditions of pure bending with reinforcement by reinforcing elements. Tomsk State University Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, 61, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.17223/19988621/61/6 (In Russian)

29. Vasilyev, N. K., Ivanov, A. A., Shatalina, I. N. (2013). Methods of hardening and reinforcing ice for structures of hydraulic structures from ice and ice-ground composites. Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University. Series: Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science, 13(3), 31–37. (In Russian)

30. Vasiliev, N. K., Gladkov, M. G. (16–19 June, 2003). Ice composites: Mechanical properties and methods ofcreations. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engeneering under Arctic Conditions (POAC’03). Trondheim, Norvey, 2003.

31. Sirotyuk, V. V., Yakimenko, O. V., Levashov, G. M., Zakharenko, A. A. (2015). Extension of pilot-instant production implementation amplification of ice cover geosвnthetics materials. Construction Techniques and Technologies, 2(2), 58–68. (In Russian)

32. Yakimenko, O. V., Sirotyuk, V. V. (2014). Reinforcement of ice crossings. Kriosfera Zemli, 18(1), 88–91. (In Russian)

33. Kozin, V. M., (2022). The possibility of increasing the strength of the ice cover by reinforcing it. Marine Intelligent Technologies, 2–1(56). 29–34. https://doi.org/10.37220/MIT.2022.56.2.003 (In Russian)

34. 34.Leskov, E. V., Vasiliev, A. S., Rodionov, S. V., Ipatov, K. N., Zevlyak, V. L. (2018). Investigation of the deformability of ice ribs at surface mounting by composite materials. Herald of AmSU, 81, 19–24. (In Russian)

35. Müller, W., Saathoff, F. (2015). Geosynthetics in geoenvironmental engineering. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 16(3), Article 034605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1468–6996/16/3/034605

36. Lou, X., Wu, Y. (2021). Splitting tensile mechanical properties of plain ice and fiber reinforcement ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 192, Article 103381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103381

37. Vasiliev, N. K., Pronk, A. D. C., Shatalina, I. N., Janssen, F. H. M. E., Houben, R. W. G. (2015). A review on the development of reinforced ice for use as a building material in cold regions. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 115, 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.03.006

38. Vasiliev, N. K., Shatalina, I. N. (2011). Methods of ice reinforcement to form ice and ice-earth composites. Proceedings of the VNIIG, 264, 119–129. (In Russian)

39. Rogozhin, S. V., Cheverev, V. G., Vainerman, E. S., Gagarin, V. E., Lozinskiy, V. I., Torbin, V. V. et al. Method for obtaining artificial ice. Patent RF, no. 1649418. 1991. (In Russian)

40. Pavlov V. V., Gubaidullin R. O., (2015) Use of ice in construction. New Science: Theoretical and Practical View, 6(1), 36–39. (in Russian)

41. Vasilyev, N. K., Pronk, A. D. C. (2015). Ice and ice-soil composites as construction materials in ice structures. Proceedings of the VNIIG, 277, 35–45. (In Russian)

42. Lotysheva, A. A., Lunev, A. A., Yakimenko, O. V. (2022). Experimental studies of samples of ice reinforced with waste from woodworking production. Processing V National Scientific and Practical Conference: Education. Transport. Innovation. Construction. Omsk, Russia, 2022. (In Russian)

43. Trapeznikov, A. A., Bartolomei, I. L. (2019). The use of geosynthetic materials in the device of the ice crossing. Chemistry, Ecology, Urbanistics, 2, 192–196. (In Russian)

44. Karpunin, A. A., Shaburov, S. S. (2016). Use of geosynthetic materials during the construction and exploitation of ice bridges in Irkutsk region. Proceedings of Universities. Investment. Construction. Real Estate, 4(19), 113–121. (In Russian)

45. Karpushko, M. O., Bartolomei, I. L., Karpushko, E. N., Zhidelev, A. V. (2020). Reinforcement of Ice Crossings with Geosynthetic Materials. Materials Science Forum, 992, 118–123. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.992.118

46. Barette, P. D. (2020). Reinforcement of ice covers for transportation: beam and preliminary plate testing. Technical Report (National Research Council of Canada. Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering). https://doi.org/10.4224/8894844

47. Vasilyev, N. K., Karulina, M. M., Marchenko, A. V., Sakharov, A. N., Chistyakov, P. V. (2015). Testing of cantilevers of reinforced sea ice. Proceedings of the VNIIG, 277, 46–55. (In Russian)

48. Buznik, V. M., Goncharova, G. Yu., Grinevich, D. V., Nuzhny, G. A., Razomasov, N. D., Turalin, D. O. (2022). Strengthening of ice with basalt materials, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 196, Article 103490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2022.103490

49. Syromyatnikova, A. S., Fedorova, L. K. (2022). Prospects for the application of ice composite materials for the construction of ice crossings. Arctic: Ecology and Economy, 12(2), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.25283/2223–4594–2022–2–281–287 (In Russian)

50. Goncharova, G. Yu. (2007). Modern technologies for creation of ice coating for different kinds of sports, or the ice homeopathy. Kholodilnaya Tekhnika, 7, 12–16. (In Russian)

51. Arkharov, I. A., Goncharova, G. Yu. (2010). Experimental investigation of ice structures modified by polymers. Kholodilnaya Tekhnika, 11, 46–50. (In Russian)

52. Goncharova, G. Yu., Razomasov, N. D., Umanskiy, V.L. (2017). A new approach to the structuring of composite materials based on natural ice in relation to icebreaking ships, offshore structures and other objects of the Arctic zone. Problems of Development of Ship Armament and Shipborne Radio-Electronic Equipment, 3(12), 29–34. (In Russian)

53. Goncharova, G. Yu., Razomasov, N. D., Borschev, G. V. (2021). Chemically modifying ice and ice-based materials to control their properties. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 55(5), 1045–1055. https://doi.org/

54. Razomasov, N. D. (2022). Research examination of refrigeration-technological modes of freezing physical and mechanical properties of water ice. Author’s abstract of the dissertation for the scientific degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow, Bauman Universuty, 17 p. (In Russian)

55. Goncharova, G. Yu., Stepanov, R. O., Razomasova, T. S., Korolev, I. A., Turalin, D. O., Kulagin, Yu. A. et al. (2021). A new method of strengthening of ice blocks formed under conditions of natural cold. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 91(Supple 1), S34–S40. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363221130351

56. Pronk, A. D. C., Wu, Y., Luo, P., Li, Q., Liu, X., Brands, S. et al. (July 16–20, 2018). Design and construct of the 30.5 meter Flamenco Ice Tower. Proceedings of the IASS Symposium 2018: Creativity in Structural Design. Boston, USA, 2018.