Modern blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies for biofilm control in the food industry. Review

Biofilm formation and its resistance to traditional cleaning and disinfection methods during food processing pose a significant threat to food safety and quality. These resilient microbial communities contribute to contamination, spoilage, and ultimately foodborne illness, highlighting the need for innovative and technology-driven control strategies. The objective of this scientific review is to analyze the current and potential roles of blockchain and artificial intelligence in biofilm management and to identify areas for future research and practical application of these technologies in food safety. This review focused on scientific publications published between 2022 and 2025. Keyword searches were conducted in the scientific databases Scopus and Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Scientific Electronic Library «eLIBRARY.RU.» Publications were selected in two stages: at first, by titles and abstracts, then based on the analysis of full-text papers corresponding to the inclusion criteria. The analysis of the scientific research of the last years showed that modern digital tools, such as artificial intelligence, offer new opportunities for improving biofilm management. Blockchain enables real-time traceability of sanitary status, contamination events, and compliance activities throughout the supply chain. Machine learning and sensorbased monitoring facilitate operative control of microbiological stability and risk assessment of microbial multiplication. Together, these tools support data-driven decision-making and more active pollution prevention. However, it should be noted that data integration is costly. Further research should focus on refining AI models by improving data quality and complementing it, assessing the reliability of sensors in industrial settings, and exploring regulatory frameworks that balance innovation and safety compliance.

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