foodsystFood systemsПищевые системы2618-97712618-7272Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН10.21323/2618-9771-2025-8-4-541-554foodsyst-920Research ArticleСтатьиCore strategies of lactic acid biosynthesis in key Lactobacillaceae species: Phylogenetic patterns, metabolic pathways, and genetic regulationОсновные стратегии синтеза молочной кислоты у ключевых видов Lactobacillaceae: филогенетические закономерности, метаболические пути и генетическая регуляция, метаболические пути и генетическая регуляцияhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-1914-2972БеленкоА. А.BelenkoA. A.

Беленко Андрей Александрович — кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией генетических исследований (филиал)

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Andrey A. Belenko, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Genetic Research (the Branch)

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

a.belenko@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-8138-4727ПутиловВ. Э.PutilovV. E.

Путилов Владислав Эдуардович — лаборант-исследователь, Лаборатория биотехнологии и биоинженерии (филиал)

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Vladislav E. Putilov, Research Assistant, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (the Branch)

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

vladislav.e.putilov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0088-2704НепомнящийА. П.NepomnyashchiyA. P.

Непомнящий Анатолий Павлович — научный сотрудник, Лаборатория биотехнологии и биоинженерии (филиал)

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Anatoliy P. Nepomnyashchiy, Research Scientist, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (the Branch)

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

nepomnyashiy.95@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-5629ПричепаА. О.PrichepaA. O.

Причепа Артем Олегович — младший научный сотрудник, Лаборатория биотехнологии и биоинженерии (филиал)

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Artem O. Prichepa, Junior Research Scientist, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (the Branch)

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

prichepa.a@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4372-6448СеменоваА. А.SemenovaA. A.

Семенова Анастасия Артуровна — доктор технических наук, заместитель директора по научной работе

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Anastasia A. Semenova, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Deputy Director for Scientific Work

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

a.semenova@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-1997СитновВ. Ю.SitnovV. Yu.

Ситнов Вениамин Юрьевич — директор филиала

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Veniamin Yu. Sitnov, Director the Branch

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

v.sitnov@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-3695СорокинаН. О.SorokinaN. P.

Сорокина Нинель Петровна — кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, отдел микробиологии (филиал)

191014, г. Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55 

Ninel P. Sorokina, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Department of Microbiology (the Branch)

55, Liteiny prospekt, 191014, Saint Petersburg

n.sorokina@fncps.ruФедеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В. М. ГорбатоваРоссияV. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food SystemsRussian Federation20252801202684541554Copyright © Belenko A.A., Putilov V.E., Nepomnyashchiy A.P., Prichepa A.O., Semenova A.A., Sitnov V.Y., Sorokina N.P., 20262026Беленко А.А., Путилов В.Э., Непомнящий А.П., Причепа А.О., Семенова А.А., Ситнов В.Ю., Сорокина Н.О.Belenko A.A., Putilov V.E., Nepomnyashchiy A.P., Prichepa A.O., Semenova A.A., Sitnov V.Y., Sorokina N.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/920

Lactic acid bacteria of the Lactobacillaceae family play a key role in the food, chemical, agricultural, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as the main producer of lactic acid. The main success in production of lactic acid is achieved due to introduction of genetic engineering methods and precision fermentation aimed at the control of synthesis of individual optically clean L/D-isomers and utilization of certain components of sugar-containing substrates of nutrient media. At the same time, bacteria Lactobacillaceae have several natural evolutionary advantages that ensure success of their industrial use, including high acid resistance, productivity and safety. Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. amylovorus, L. acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus сasei, L. paracasei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and some others can be mentioned as the most promising strains — producers of lactic acid in natural conditions. Productivity of strains to a large extend depends on their ability to ferment specific substrates, first of all, different carbohydrate sources. The use of wastes of the food, agricultural and timber industries as substrates for largescale production of lactic acid is of particular scientific and practical interest. This approach makes it possible to significantly reduce expenses on complex nutrient media and cut production costs. The understanding of the main strategies of substrate utilization by various representatives of Lactobacillaceae allows for a more specific choice of a strain. In this review, the main attention is given to the key peculiarities of fermentation of L. сasei, L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, and L. acidophilus strains with account for their phylogenetic characteristics and metabolic features. The paper examines the central mechanisms of the utilization of carbohydrates, substrate-specific activation of alternative pathways of metabolism, as well as key genes and their patterns associated with lactic acid synthesis. The authors describe the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas metabolic pathway, pentose phosphate and phosphoketolase pathways, mechanism of carbon catabolite repression and the role of the Leloir pathway. The role of the key enzymes participating in the process of substrate utilization and formation of lactic acid, including lactate dehydrogenase, lactate racemase, aldolase, citrate lyase and others, is demonstrated.

Молочнокислые бактерии семейства Lactobacillaceae играют ключевую роль в пищевой, химической, сельскохозяйственной, а также косметической и фармацевтической промышленностях как основной продуцент молочной кислоты. Особый успех наработки молочной кислоты достигается за счет внедрения методов генетической инженерии и прецизионной ферментации, направленных на контроль синтеза отдельных оптически чистых L/D-изомеров и утилизации определенных компонентов сахаросодержащих субстратов питательных сред. В то же время бактерии Lactobacillaceae обладают рядом естественных эволюционных преимуществ, обеспечивающих успех их промышленного применения, включая высокую кислотоустойчивость, продуктивность и безопасность. В качестве наиболее перспективных штаммов-продуцентов молочной кислоты в естественных условиях можно выделить Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. amylovorus, L.acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus сasei, L. paracasei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum и некоторые другие. Продуктивность штаммов во многом зависит от их способности ферментировать специфические субстраты, в первую очередь различные источники углеводов. Особый научный и практический интерес представляет использование отходов пищевой, сельскохозяйственной, лесозаготовительной промышленностей в качестве субстратов для крупномасштабного производства молочной кислоты. Такой подход позволяет значительно снизить затраты на сложносоставные питательные среды и удешевить производство. Понимание основных стратегий утилизации субстрата различными представителями Lactobacillaceae позволит более предметно подойти к выбору штамма. В данном обзоре основное внимание уделено ключевым особенностям ферментации штаммов L. сasei, L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus с учетом их филогенетических характеристик и метаболических особенностей. В работе рассмотрены центральные механизмы утилизации углеводов, субстрат-специфичная активация альтернативных путей метаболизма, а также ключевые гены и их паттерны, ассоциированные с синтезом молочной кислоты. Рассмотрены метаболические пути Эмбдена-Мейергофа-Парнаса, пентозофосфатный и фосфокетолазный, механизм углеродной катаболитной репрессии и роль пути Лелуара. Продемонстрирована роль ключевых ферментов-участников процесса утилизации субстрата и образовании молочной кислоты, включая лактатдегидрогеназу, лактатрацемазу, альдолазу, цитратлиазу и других.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.