foodsystFood systemsПищевые системы2618-97712618-7272Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН10.21323/2618-9771-2025-8-1-81-92foodsyst-709Research ArticleСтатьиTheoretical and conceptual analysis: Aflatoxin intervention of Mindanao, PhilippinesТеоретический и концептуальный анализ: контроль содержания афлатоксина на территории Минданао, Филиппиныhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-5420-0111КаталунаР. Е. Г. А.CataluñaR. E. G. A.

Каталуна Р. Е. Г. А. - Бакалавр химии, химик II степени, Отдел объединенных лабораторий

Ул. Антонио Луна, Кагаян-де-Оро

Тел.: +63–977–704–14–45

Razel Elaine Grace A. Cataluña, BS Chemistry, Chemist II, Integrated Laboratories Division

Antonio Luna Str., Cagayan de Oro

Tel.: +63–977–704–14–45

razelelainegrace.cataluna@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-0268БазеР. И.BaseR. L.

Базе Р. И. - Доктор социологических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой образовательного планирования и управления

Проспект Кларо М. Ректо, Лапасан, Кагаян-де-Оро

Тел.: +63–915–474–75–67

Renato L. Base, PhD Sociology, Professor, Chairman, Department of Educational Planning and Administration

Claro M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro

Tel.: +63–915–474–75–67

renato.base@ustp.edu.phДепартамент сельского хозяйства — Региональное отделение 10ФилиппиныDeparment of Agriculture — Regional Field Office 10PhilippinesУниверситет науки и технологии Южных ФилиппинФилиппиныUniversity of Science and Technology of Southern PhilippinesPhilippines202525042025818192Copyright © Cataluña R., Base R.L., 20252025Каталуна Р., Базе Р.И.Cataluña R., Base R.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/709

This study examines the Aflatoxin Intervention Program being implemented by the Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office 10 in Bukidnon, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, through the lenses of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Using a descriptive, correlational, survey design, the data from 34 corn farmers across six municipalities were analyzed. The design analyzes their awareness of aflatoxin toxicity, adoption of mitigation protocols and access to media platforms. Findings show high awareness and adoption of aflatoxin mitigation protocols, but a significant part of the participants remains unaware, thus indicating growth points for improvement. High awareness of the mitigation protocols suggest that communication strategies have been effective and observational learning is critical in the awareness process. High adoption rates among early and mainstream adopters of the mitigation protocols convey practical impact of the awareness and educational programs of the department. Media platform access shows weak impact, highlighting the need for more interactive educational strategies. Strong correlations between awareness and adoption rates validate HBM and SCT principles, emphasizing perceived severity, benefits, and self-efficacy. Insights into effective communication strategies underline the importance of targeted, community-based interventions that promote adoption of aflatoxin mitigation protocols. These findings contribute to food safety and wider adoption of good agricultural practices in corn cultivation, providing a framework for future studies and interventions to enhance aflatoxin management in Northern Mindanao.

В этом исследовании рассматривается Программа контроля содержания афлатоксина, проводимая главным управлением региональной службы 10 министерства сельского хозяйства в Букидноне, провинция Северный Минданао, Филиппины, через призму модели веры в здоровье (МВЗ) и теории социального научения (ТСН). Используя метод описания, корреляционного анализа и опроса были проанализированы данные, полученные от 34 фермеров, выращивающих кукурузу, в шести муниципалитетах. План статистического обследования анализирует их осведомленность о токсичности афлатоксина, принятие протоколов смягчения воздействия афлатоксина, и наличие доступа к медиаплатформам. Результаты показывают высокую осведомленность и принятие протоколов смягчения воздействия афлатоксина, но значительная часть опрошенных остается неосведомленной, что указывает на области работ над улучшением ситуации. Высокая осведомленность о протоколах смягчения воздействия афлатоксина свидетельствует о том, что стратегии коммуникации оказались эффективными, а обучение через наблюдение имеет решающее значение в процессе создания осведомленности. Высокие показатели принятия протокола среди тех лиц, кто одними из первых примкнул к соблюдению такового протокола, и лиц, которые позже составили основную массу последователей протоколов смягчения воздействия афлатоксина, передают далее практический эффект программ повышения осведомленности и образовательных программ министерства. Доступ к медиаплатформам оказывает слабое воздействие, подчеркивая необходимость в применении более интерактивных образовательных стратегий. Прочная корреляция между осведомленностью и уровнем принятия протокола подтверждают принципы МВЗ и ТСН, подчеркивая серьезность восприятия, получаемые преимущества и уверенность в собственных силах. Понимание эффективных стратегий коммуникации подчеркивает важность применения целевых корректирующих программ на уровне общества, что способствуют принятию протоколов по смягчению воздействия афлатоксина. Эти результаты способствуют обеспечению безопасности продуктов питания, и более широкому принятию надлежащих сельскохозяйственных практик в отношении возделывания кукурузы, обеспечивая основу для будущих исследований и корректирующих программ, направленных на контроль содержания афлатоксина в Северном Минданао.

контроль содержания афлатоксинамодель веры в здоровьетеория социального научениясельскохозяйственные методыбезопасность продуктов питанияaflatoxin interventionhealth belief modelsocial cognitive theoryagricultural practicesfood safetyReferencesKumar, A., Pathak, H., Bhadauria, S., Sudan, J. (2021). Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: Causes, detection, and management: A review. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 3, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-021-00064-yKumar, A., Pathak, H., Bhadauria, S., Sudan, J. (2021). Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: Causes, detection, and management: A review. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 3, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-021-00064-yOrtega-Beltran, A., Bandyopadhyay, R. (2021). Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries. Global Food Security, 30, Article 100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100559Ortega-Beltran, A., Bandyopadhyay, R. (2021). Contributions of integrated aflatoxin management strategies to achieve the sustainable development goals in various African countries. Global Food Security, 30, Article 100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100559Joutsjoki, V. V., Korhonen, H. J. (2021). Management strategies for aflatoxin risk mitigation in maize, dairy feeds, and milk value chains — Case study Kenya. Food Quality and Safety, 5(1), Article fyab005. https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyab005Joutsjoki, V. V., Korhonen, H. J. (2021). Management strategies for aflatoxin risk mitigation in maize, dairy feeds, and milk value chains — Case study Kenya. Food Quality and Safety, 5(1), Article fyab005. https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyab005Nazareth, T. d. M., Pérez, E. S., Luz, C., Meca, G., Quiles, J. M. (2024). Comprehensive review of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A dynamics: Emergence, toxicological impact, and advanced control strategies. Foods, 13, Article 1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13121920Nazareth, T. d. M., Pérez, E. S., Luz, C., Meca, G., Quiles, J. M. (2024). Comprehensive review of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A dynamics: Emergence, toxicological impact, and advanced control strategies. Foods, 13, Article 1920. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13121920Bunny, S. M., Umar, A., Bhatti, H. S., Honey, S. F. (2024). Aflatoxin risk in the era of climatic change — A comprehensive review. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 5(1), Article 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-024-00305-3Bunny, S. M., Umar, A., Bhatti, H. S., Honey, S. F. (2024). Aflatoxin risk in the era of climatic change — A comprehensive review. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 5(1), Article 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-024-00305-3Alameri, M. M., Kong, A. S.-Y., Aljaafari, M. N., Ali, H. A., Eid, K., Sallagi, M. A. et al. (2023). Aflatoxin contamination: An overview on health issues, detection, and management strategies. Toxins, 15(4), Article 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040246Alameri, M. M., Kong, A. S.-Y., Aljaafari, M. N., Ali, H. A., Eid, K., Sallagi, M. A. et al. (2023). Aflatoxin contamination: An overview on health issues, detection, and management strategies. Toxins, 15(4), Article 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040246Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards. (2018). Philippine National Standard (PNS) code of practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination in corn (PNS/BAFPS27:2008 ICS65.020.20). Retrieved from http://spsissuances.da.gov.ph/images/DAPNS/PNS-BAFS27–2008-CodeofPracticeforthePreventionandReductionofAflatoxin-ContaminationinCorn/ Accessed Febuary 28, 2025.Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards. (2018). Philippine National Standard (PNS) code of practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination in corn (PNS/BAFPS27:2008 ICS65.020.20). Retrieved from http://spsissuances.da.gov.ph/images/DAPNS/PNS-BAFS27–2008-CodeofPracticeforthePreventionandReductionofAflatoxin-ContaminationinCorn/ Accessed Febuary 28, 2025.Department of Trade and Industry. (2019). DTI approves PNS code of practice against aflatoxin contamination in corn. Retrieved from https://www.dti.gov.ph/archives/news-archives/dti-approves-pns-code-of-practice-against-aflatoxincontamination-in-corn/ Accessed April 10, 2019.Department of Trade and Industry. (2019). DTI approves PNS code of practice against aflatoxin contamination in corn. Retrieved from https://www.dti.gov.ph/archives/news-archives/dti-approves-pns-code-of-practice-against-aflatoxincontamination-in-corn/ Accessed April 10, 2019.Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. The Milbank Quarterly, 44(3), 94–127.Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. The Milbank Quarterly, 44(3), 94–127.Hochbaum, G. M. (1956). Why people seek diagnostic X‑rays. Public Health Reports, 71(4), 377–380.Hochbaum, G. M. (1956). Why people seek diagnostic X‑rays. Public Health Reports, 71(4), 377–380.Kegeles, S. S. (1963). Some motives for seeking preventive dental care. Journal of the American Dental Association, 67(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1963.0231Kegeles, S. S. (1963). Some motives for seeking preventive dental care. Journal of the American Dental Association, 67(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1963.0231Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. Chapter in a book: Contributions to medical psychology. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980.Leventhal, H., Meyer, D., Nerenz, D. (1980). The common sense representation of illness danger. Chapter in a book: Contributions to medical psychology. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980.Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.Shabeer, S., Asad, S., Jamal, A., Ali, A. (2022). Aflatoxin contamination, its impact and management strategies: An updated review. Toxins, 14(5), Article 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050307Shabeer, S., Asad, S., Jamal, A., Ali, A. (2022). Aflatoxin contamination, its impact and management strategies: An updated review. Toxins, 14(5), Article 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050307Olaitan, O. Z., Indabo, S. S., Ahmed, H. O., Aliyu, A., Muhammad, H. U., Sakariyahu, S. K. Et al. (2024). Surveillance of aflatoxin levels in maize (Zea mays L.) grains sold in some major markets of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Environmental Technology and Science Journal, 15(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i1.2Olaitan, O. Z., Indabo, S. S., Ahmed, H. O., Aliyu, A., Muhammad, H. U., Sakariyahu, S. K. Et al. (2024). Surveillance of aflatoxin levels in maize (Zea mays L.) grains sold in some major markets of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Environmental Technology and Science Journal, 15(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i1.2Akintola, A., Al-Dairi, M., Imtiaz, A., Al-Bulushi, I. M., Gibreel, T., Al-Sadi, A. M. et al. (2024). The extent of aflatoxin B1 contamination in chili (Capsicum annuum L.) and consumer awareness and knowledge of aflatoxins in Oman. Agriculture, 14(9), Article 1536. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091536Akintola, A., Al-Dairi, M., Imtiaz, A., Al-Bulushi, I. M., Gibreel, T., Al-Sadi, A. M. et al. (2024). The extent of aflatoxin B1 contamination in chili (Capsicum annuum L.) and consumer awareness and knowledge of aflatoxins in Oman. Agriculture, 14(9), Article 1536. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091536Kumar, P., Mahato, D. K., Kamle, M., Mohanta, T. K., Kang, S. G. (2017). Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, Article 2170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170Kumar, P., Mahato, D. K., Kamle, M., Mohanta, T. K., Kang, S. G. (2017). Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, Article 2170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170Bacani, J. B. (2022). Awareness and compliance of corn farmers to good agricultural practices (GAPs) in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 13(2), 91–98.Bacani, J. B. (2022). Awareness and compliance of corn farmers to good agricultural practices (GAPs) in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 13(2), 91–98.Haines, A., Kuruvilla, S., Borchert, M. (2004). Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(10), 724–731.Haines, A., Kuruvilla, S., Borchert, M. (2004). Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(10), 724–731.Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005Salvacion, A. R., Pangga, I. B., Cumagun, C. J. R. (2015). Assessment of mycotoxin risk on corn in the Philippines under current and future climate change conditions. Reviews on Environmental Health, 30(3), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh‑2015-0019Salvacion, A. R., Pangga, I. B., Cumagun, C. J. R. (2015). Assessment of mycotoxin risk on corn in the Philippines under current and future climate change conditions. Reviews on Environmental Health, 30(3), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh‑2015-0019Balan, B., Dhaulaniya, A. S., Kumar, M., Kumar, M., Kumar, P. (2024). Aflatoxins in food: Prevalence, health effects, and emerging trends in its mitigation — An updated review. Food Safety and Health, 2, 39–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh3.12030Balan, B., Dhaulaniya, A. S., Kumar, M., Kumar, M., Kumar, P. (2024). Aflatoxins in food: Prevalence, health effects, and emerging trends in its mitigation — An updated review. Food Safety and Health, 2, 39–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh3.12030World Health Organization. (2021). Public health strategies for preventing aflatoxin exposure. Retrieved from https://www.aflatoxinpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Public-health-strategies-for-reducing-aflatoxin-exposures-WHO.pdf Accessed Febuary 28, 2025.World Health Organization. (2021). Public health strategies for preventing aflatoxin exposure. Retrieved from https://www.aflatoxinpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Public-health-strategies-for-reducing-aflatoxin-exposures-WHO.pdf Accessed Febuary 28, 2025.Bandyopadhyay, R., Atehnkeng, J., Ortega-Beltran, A., Akande, A., Falade, T.D.O., Cotty, P. J. (2016). “Ground-truthing” efficacy of biological control for aflatoxin mitigation in farmers’ fields in Nigeria: From field trials to commercial usage, a 10-year study. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, Article 2528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02528Bandyopadhyay, R., Atehnkeng, J., Ortega-Beltran, A., Akande, A., Falade, T.D.O., Cotty, P. J. (2016). “Ground-truthing” efficacy of biological control for aflatoxin mitigation in farmers’ fields in Nigeria: From field trials to commercial usage, a 10-year study. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, Article 2528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02528Shabeer, S., Asad, S., Jamal, A., Ali, A. (2022). Aflatoxin contamination, its impact and management strategies: An updated review. Toxins, 14(5), Article 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050307Shabeer, S., Asad, S., Jamal, A., Ali, A. (2022). Aflatoxin contamination, its impact and management strategies: An updated review. Toxins, 14(5), Article 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050307Rustia, A. S., Mariano, C. B., Bautista, K. A., Mahoney, D., Barrios, E. B., Villarino, C. B. J. et al. (2022). Risk profiling of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to the Filipino consuming population. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(5), 1557–1577. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.05.02Rustia, A. S., Mariano, C. B., Bautista, K. A., Mahoney, D., Barrios, E. B., Villarino, C. B. J. et al. (2022). Risk profiling of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to the Filipino consuming population. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(5), 1557–1577. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.05.02Balendres, M. A. O., Karlovsky, P., Cumagun, C. J. R. (2019). Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural crop commodities in the Philippines: A review. Foods, 8(7), Article 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070249Balendres, M. A. O., Karlovsky, P., Cumagun, C. J. R. (2019). Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural crop commodities in the Philippines: A review. Foods, 8(7), Article 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070249Gichohi-Wainaina, W. N., Kumwenda, N., Zulu, R., Munthali, J., Okori, P. (2021). Aflatoxin contamination: Knowledge disparities among agriculture extension officers, frontline health workers and smallholder farming households in Malawi. Food Control, 121, Article 107672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107672Gichohi-Wainaina, W. N., Kumwenda, N., Zulu, R., Munthali, J., Okori, P. (2021). Aflatoxin contamination: Knowledge disparities among agriculture extension officers, frontline health workers and smallholder farming households in Malawi. Food Control, 121, Article 107672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107672Udomkun, P., Wossen, T., Nabahungu, N. L., Mutegi, C., Vanlauwe, B., Bandyopadhyay, R. (2018). Incidence and farmers’ knowledge of aflatoxin contamination and control in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Science and Nutrition, 6(6), 1607–1620. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.735Udomkun, P., Wossen, T., Nabahungu, N. L., Mutegi, C., Vanlauwe, B., Bandyopadhyay, R. (2018). Incidence and farmers’ knowledge of aflatoxin contamination and control in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Science and Nutrition, 6(6), 1607–1620. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.735Gachara, G., Suleiman, R., El Kadili, S., Barka, E.A., Kilima, B., Lahlali, R. (2022). Drivers of post-harvest aflatoxin contamination: Evidence gathered from knowledge disparities and field surveys of maize farmers in the Rift Valley region of Kenya. Toxins, 14(9), Article 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090618Gachara, G., Suleiman, R., El Kadili, S., Barka, E.A., Kilima, B., Lahlali, R. (2022). Drivers of post-harvest aflatoxin contamination: Evidence gathered from knowledge disparities and field surveys of maize farmers in the Rift Valley region of Kenya. Toxins, 14(9), Article 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090618Jallow, E. A. A., Sonko, L. B., Mawunyo, D. R., Yusufu, J. (2022). Assessment of aflatoxin awareness in the Gambia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 18(4), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2021.15915Jallow, E. A. A., Sonko, L. B., Mawunyo, D. R., Yusufu, J. (2022). Assessment of aflatoxin awareness in the Gambia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 18(4), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2021.15915Sandeep, G. P., Prashanth, P., Sreenivasulu, M., Madavilata, A. (2022). Effectiveness of agricultural information disseminated through social media. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(2), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2022.58244Sandeep, G. P., Prashanth, P., Sreenivasulu, M., Madavilata, A. (2022). Effectiveness of agricultural information disseminated through social media. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 58(2), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.48165/IJEE.2022.58244

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.