foodsystFood systemsПищевые системы2618-97712618-7272Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН10.21323/2618-9771-2024-7-3-384-393foodsyst-566Research ArticleСтатьиEmerging pollutants: Risks in salmon fish migration. A reviewНовые загрязняющие вещества: риски при миграции лососевых видов рыб. Обзорhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-2760АбрамоваЛ. С.AbramovaL. S.

Абрамова Любовь Сергеевна  — доктор технических наук, профессор, заместитель директора департамента по вопросам качества пищевой рыбной продукции

105187, Москва, Окружной проезд, 19

Тел. +7–915–064–77–04

Liubov S. Abramova - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Deputy Head of the Department for the Quality of Fish Food Products

19, Okruzhnoy proezd, 105187, Moscow

Tel.: +7–915–064–77–04

abramova@vniro.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-3548КозинА. В.KozinA. V.

Козин Андрей Валерьевич — кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, Отдел Качества пищевой рыбной продукции

105187, Москва, Окружной проезд, 19

Тел. +7–916–102–93–87

Andrey V. Kozin - Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Fish Food Quality Department

19, Okruzhnoy proezd, 105187, Moscow

Tel.: +7–916–102–93–87

kozin@vniro.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-1838ГусеваЕ. С.GusevaE. S.

Гусева Елена Сергеевна — специалист, Отдел Качества пищевой рыбной продукции

105187, Москва, Окружной проезд, 19

Тел.: +7–917–505–92–06

Elena S. Guseva - Specialist, Fish Food Quality Department

19, Okruzhnoy proezd, 105187, Moscow

Tel.: +7–917–505–92–06

guseva@vniro.ruВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства и океанографииРоссияRussian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO)Russian Federation20242210202473384393Copyright © Abramova L.S., Kozin A.V., Guseva E.S., 20242024Абрамова Л.С., Козин А.В., Гусева Е.С.Abramova L.S., Kozin A.V., Guseva E.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/566

The release of pollutants into the environment is a serious ecological problem due to the significant risks they pose both to ecosystems and to human health. The review considers the issues of detection and distribution of new pollutants, as well as sources of their entry into the environment and potential impact on ecosystems. The problem of wastewater pollution is especially urgent in the context of conservation of salmonid fish species. Pharmaceutical and veterinary drugs, components of personal hygiene products, microplastics, per- and polyfluorinated substances, brominated flame retardants, oil and a number of other toxicants enter freshwater bodies, which are especially important for the early stages of the salmon development and its following migration. The presence of pollutants in the aquatic environment depends on a source, their ability to bioaccumulate, as well as to degrade in the processes of biological and abiotic purification. High-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with gas or liquid chromatography can be recommended for detection of new pollutants. Due to high mass measurement accuracy and high specificity, this method is able to effectively identify pollutants even in the complex fish matrix. When conducting non-targeted and targeted screening with highly sensitive full scanning, it is advisable to use high-resolution mass analyzers (TOF, Q-TOF, Q-Orbitrap), which allow determining a number of new compounds. A promising direction in the complex assessment of the impact of pollutants on salmon fish species and the identification of indicators characterizing this impact is metabolomics. It is based on the study of low-molecular organic compounds — metabolites, both intermediate and final metabolic products in body fluids and tissues. Metabolomic profiling allows identifying important markers of the state of a water body under the influence of pollutants, which is necessary for the development of comprehensive regulations and guidelines for the effective handling of these pollutants.

Попадание в окружающую среду загрязняющих веществ является серьезной экологической проблемой в связи со значительными рисками, которые они представляют как для экосистем, так и для здоровья человека. В обзоре рассматриваются вопросы выявления и распространения новых загрязняющих веществ, а также источники их поступления в окружающую среду и потенциальное воздействие на экосистемы. Особую актуальность проблема загрязнения сточных вод приобретает в контексте сохранения лососевых видов рыб. Фармацевтические и ветеринарные препараты, компоненты средств личной гигиены, микропластик, пер- и полифторированные вещества, бромированные антипирены, нефть и ряд других токсикантов попадают в пресные водоемы, которые особенно важны для ранних этапов развития лосося и  его дальнейшей миграции. Присутствие загрязняющих веществ в  водной среде зависит от источника, от способности их к биоаккумуляции, а также к деградации в процессах биологической и абиотической очистки. Для определения новых загрязнителей может быть рекомендована масс-спектрометрия высокого разрешения в сочетании с газовой или жидкостной хроматографией. Этот метод, благодаря высокой точности измерения масс и  высокой избирательности, способен эффективно идентифицировать загрязнители даже в сложной рыбной матрице. При проведении нецелевого и целевого скрининга с высокочувствительным полным сканированием целесообразно использовать масс-анализаторы высокого разрешения (TOF, Q-TOF, Q-Orbitrap), позволяющие определять целый ряд новых соединений. Перспективным направлением при комплексной оценке влияния загрязнителей на лососевые виды рыб и при выявлении индикаторов, характеризующих это влияние, является метаболомика. Она основана на изучении низкомолекулярных органических соединений — метаболитов, как промежуточных, так и конечных продуктов обмена в жидкостях и тканях организма. Метаболомное профилирование позволяет выявить важные маркеры состояния водного объекта под воздействием загрязнителей, что необходимо для разработки всеобъемлющих нормативных актов и руководств по эффективному обращению с этими загрязнителями.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.