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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodsyst</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Food systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пищевые системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2618-9771</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7272</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21323/2618-9771-2023-6-4-547-553</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodsyst-347</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The kinetics of milk gel structure formation studies by electron microscopy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Электронно-микроскопические исследования кинетики структурообразования молочного геля</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5663-3662</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смыков</surname><given-names>И. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smykov</surname><given-names>I. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смыков Игорь Тимофеевич — доктор технических  наук, главный научный сотрудник, Отдел физической химии</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19 Teл.: +7–48532–9–81–21</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor T. Smykov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Chief Researcher, Department of Physical Chemisry</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region, Tel.: +7–48532–9–81–21</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i_smykov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт маслоделия и сыроделия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheesemaking<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>547</fpage><lpage>553</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Smykov I.T., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смыков И.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smykov I.T.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/347">https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/347</self-uri><abstract><p>The aim of this study is to enhance the comprehension of the mechanism of enzymatic gelation in milk by visualizing the evolution of its microstructure through transmission electron microscopy. In order to minimize the potential for artifacts during the preparation process and eliminate any possible difficulties in interpreting the resulting images, three distinct methods were employed in the research: shading the surface topography with vacuum deposition of heavy metal, negative staining of the specimen with a heavy metal solution and replicating a cleavage of a quick-frozen sample. The selection of time intervals for sampling the gel during its evolution is determined by the most probable significant modifications in the resulting gel. Based on the research, it has been shown that natural milk is a nonequilibrium system from the perspective of statistical thermodynamics. A notable observation is that the glycomacropeptides forming the hair layer on the surface of casein micelles are unevenly distributed, leading to the formation of micelle dimers and trimers. It has been determind that during the initial stage of enzymatic gelation in milk, clusters of loosely bound micelles are formed in areas with the highest concentration. The formation of micelle chains is absent at this stage due to the non-anisometric nature of micelles and the energetic disadvantage of their formation. It has been found that under the influence of enzymatic gelation near the gel point, a hierarchical process involving the transformation of the milk’s protein component is activated. The trigger mechanism for this process is a cooperative conformational transition in clusters of casein micelles, which initiates a chain of more energy-intensive reactions in the following sequence: hydro­phobic interactions → hydrogen bridges → electrostatic interactions → calcium bridges. The result is the conversion of loosely bound micelle clusters into denser aggregates, predominantly contributing to the formation of milk curd. It is worth noting that gelation in milk can be regarded as a process that reduces the free energy of the dispersed system. Understanding the correlation between the decrease in the free energy value during gelation and the physical properties of the finished cheese and other dairy products continues to be a relevant area of research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель этой работы заключается в улучшении понимания механизма ферментативного гелеобразования в молоке за счёт визуализация эволюции его микроструктуры с помощью просвечивающей электронной микроскопии. Для снижения возможности возникновения артефактов препарирования и устранения проблем достоверной интерпретации получаемых изображений в работе были использованы три различных способа подготовки препаратов к исследованиям: оттенение топографии поверхности вакуумным напылением тяжелого металла; негативное окрашивание препарата раствором тяжелого металла; репликация скола быстрозамороженного образца. Выбор моментов времени отбора образцов геля в процессе его эволюции обусловлен наиболее вероятными существенными изменениями в образующемся геле. В результате исследований показано, что с точки зрения статистической термодинамики натуральное молоко является неравновесной системой. Отмечено, что волосковый слой казеиномакропептидов на поверхности мицелл казеина распределён неравномерно, что способствует образованию димеров и тримеров мицелл. Определено, что в первичной фазе ферментативного гелеобразования в молоке образуются слабосвязанные кластеры мицелл в местах их наибольшей концентрации. Образования цепочек мицелл на этом этапе не наблюдается, что объясняется отсутствием анизометрии мицелл и энергетической невыгодностью их образования. Установлено, что при ферментативном гелеобразовании в молоке вблизи гель-точки запускается иерархический процесс преобразований белковой составляющей молока. Спусковым механизмом этого процесса является кооперативный конформационный фазовый переход в кластерах мицелл казеина, который вызывает цепочку более энергоёмких реакций в последовательности: гидрофобные взаимодействия → водородные связи → электростатические взаимодействия → кальциевые мостики. Результатом чего является преобразование слабосвязанных кластеров мицелл в более плотные агрегаты, преимущественно из которых окончательно формируется молочный сгусток. Отмечено, что в целом гелеобразование в молоке можно рассматривать как процесс, снижающий величину свободной энергии, а определение того, как уровень снижения величины свободной энергии молока при гелеобразовании связано с физическими свойствами готового сыра и других молочных продуктов остаётся актуальной темой исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молоко</kwd><kwd>мицелла казеина</kwd><kwd>механизм гелеобразования</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>микроструктура</kwd><kwd>производство сыра</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>milk</kwd><kwd>casein micelle</kwd><kwd>gelation mechanism</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>microstructure</kwd><kwd>cheese production</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения исследований по государственному заданию № FNEN-2019-0010 Федерального научного центра пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова Российской академии наук.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The article was published as part of the research topic No. FNEN-2019-0010 of the state assignment of the V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucey, J. A. (2011). Rennet-induced coagulation of milk. Chapter in a book: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Oxford: Academic Press. 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucey, J. A. (2011). Rennet-induced coagulation of milk. Chapter in a book: Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. Oxford: Academic Press. 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fox, P. F., Guinee, T. P., Cogan, T. M., McSweeney, P. L. H. (2017). 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