foodsystFood systemsПищевые системы2618-97712618-7272Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН10.21323/2618-9771-2023-6-4-463-470foodsyst-337Research ArticleСтатьиAssessment of the efficiency of virus extraction from food matrices and the frequency of occurrence of contaminated products in the retail networkОценка эффективности экстракции вирусов из пищевых матриц и частоты встречаемости контаминированных продуктов в торговой сетиhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9265-5511ЮшинаЮ. К.YushinaYu. K.

Юшина Юлия Константиновна — доктор технических наук, руководитель лаборатории «Гигиена производства и микробиология»

109316, Москва, ул. Талалихина, 26 Тел.: +7–495–676–95–11 (доб. 402)

Yuliya K. Yushina, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of laboratory of Hygiene of Production and Microbiology

26, Talalikhina str. 109316, Moscow, Tel.: +7–495–676–95–11 (402)

yu.yushina@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4372-6448СеменоваА. А.SemenovaA. A.

Семенова Анастасия Артуровна — доктор технических наук, профессор, заместитель директора

109316, г. Москва, ул. Талалихина, 26 Тел.: +7–495–676–95–11 (доб. 105)

Anastasia A.  Semenova, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Deputy Director

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow, Tel.: +7–495–676–95–11 (105)

a.semenova@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7474-485XКузнецоваО. А.KuznecovaO. A.

Кузнецова Оксана Александровна — доктор технических наук, директор

109316, Москва, ул. Талалихина, 26 Тел.: +7–495–676–95–11 (доб.106)

Oksana A. Kuznecova, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Director

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow, Russia Tel.: +7–495–676–95–11 (106)

o.kuznecova@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2306-7772СатабаеваД. М.SatabaevaD. M.

Сатабаева Дагмара Мухмадовна — инженер исследователь, лаборатория «Гигиена производства и  микробиология»

109316, Москва, ул. Талалихина, 26 Тел.: +7–495–676–95–11 (доб. 405)

Dagmara M. Satabaeva, Research Engineer, laboratory of Hygiene of Production and Microbiology

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow, Tel.: +7–495–676–95–11 (405)

d.satabaeva@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-9321ЗайкоЕ. В.ZaikoE. V.

Зайко Елена Викторовна  — кандидат технических наук, младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория «Гигиена производства и микробиологи»

109316, Москва, ул. Талалихина, 26 Тел.: +7–495–676–95–11 (доб. 407)

Elena V. Zaiko, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Junior Research Assistant, Laboratory of Hygiene of Production and Microbiology

26, Talalikhina str., 109316, Moscow, Tel.: +7–495–676–95–11 (407)

e.zaiko@fncps.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-8074ВелебитБ.VelebitB.

Велебит Бранко  — магистр медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник, Руководитель отдела микробиологии и молекулярной биологии

11040, Сербия, Белград, ул. Kaćanskog, 13 Тел.: +381–11–2650–722

Branko Velebit, M. Sc. DVM, Principal Research Fellow, Head of Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology

Kaćanskog 13, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia Tel.: +381–11–2650–722

branko.velebit@inmes.rsФедеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В. М. ГорбатоваРоссияV. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food SystemsRussian FederationИнститут гигиены и технологии мясаРоссияInstitute of Meat Hygiene and TechnologyRussian Federation20231401202464463470Copyright © Yushina Y.K., Semenova A.A., Kuznecova O.A., Satabaeva D.M., Zaiko E.V., Velebit B., 20242024Юшина Ю.К., Семенова А.А., Кузнецова О.А., Сатабаева Д.М., Зайко Е.В., Велебит Б.Yushina Y.K., Semenova A.A., Kuznecova O.A., Satabaeva D.M., Zaiko E.V., Velebit B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/337

Express detection of viruses, in particular, norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), is becoming an extremely important task for food safety control. This study examines various approaches to recovery of viral particles and methods for RNA extraction from food matrices to assess mengovirus extraction efficiency. Efficiency of mengovirus extraction from raspberry was 14.26%, from oysters 7.99%, from pork liver 8.33%. Assessment of RNA extraction by various methods was carried out. The highest efficiency of mengovirus extraction from pork liver (19.37%) was observed when RNA was extracted using the eGene-up semi-automatic system. The lowest extraction efficiency (5.31%) was achieved upon manual RNA extraction. When RNA was extracted from oysters, the maximum efficiency (33.35%) was ensured by the AutoPure nucleic acid extraction station and NucliSens kit, while the minimum efficiency (9.78%) was observed when using the eGene-up system. The performed monitoring of food products showed that the highest occurrence of norovirus GII was recorded in oyster samples (9.6% of tested samples); the second place was occupied by strawberry, where occurrence of norovirus GII was 6.8%. In the raspberry samples, norovirus GII was not detected.

Экспресс-обнаружение вирусов, в частности норовируса (NoV) и вируса гепатита А (HAV), становится важнейшей задачей контроля безопасности пищевых продуктов. В данном исследовании были рассмотрены различные подходы к извлечению вирусных частиц и способы выделения РНК из пищевых матриц с целью оценки эффективности экстракции менговируса. Эффективность экстракции менговируса из малины составила 14,26%, из устриц — 7,99%, из свиной печени — 8,33%. Была проведена оценка экстракции РНК различными методами. Наибольшая эффективность экстракции менговируса из свиной печени наблюдалась при выделении РНК с  помощью полуавтоматической системы eGene up и составила 19,37%. Наименьшая эффективность экстракции была достигнута при выделении РНК ручным способом — 5,31%. При экстракции РНК из устриц максимальная эффективность обеспечивалась с помощью станции для выделения НК AutoPure и набора NucliSENS — 33,35%, а минимальная эффективность наблюдалась при использовании системы eGene up и составила 9,78%. Проведенный мониторинг пищевых продуктов показал, что наибольшая встречаемость норовируса GII была зафиксирована в  образцах устриц и  составила 9,6% от исследуемых образцов; на втором месте находилась клубника, где встречаемость норовируса GII составила 6,8%. В образцах малины норовирус GII обнаружен не был.

норовирусгепатит Епищевые вирусыОТ-ПЦРягодысвиная печеньNorovirushepatitis Efoodborne virusesRT-PCRberriespork liverReferencesBachofen, C. (2018). Selected viruses detected on and in our food. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 5, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9Bachofen, C. (2018). Selected viruses detected on and in our food. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 5, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9Predmore, A., Li, J. (2011). Enhanced removal of a human norovirus surrogate from fresh vegetables and fruits by a combination of surfactants and sanitizers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(14), 4829–4838. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00174-11Predmore, A., Li, J. (2011). Enhanced removal of a human norovirus surrogate from fresh vegetables and fruits by a combination of surfactants and sanitizers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77(14), 4829–4838. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00174-11King, T., Cole, M., Farber, J. M., Eisenbrand, G., Zabaras, D., Fox, E. M. et al. (2017). Food safety for food security: Relationship between global megatrends and developments in food safety. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 68, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.014King, T., Cole, M., Farber, J. M., Eisenbrand, G., Zabaras, D., Fox, E. M. et al. (2017). Food safety for food security: Relationship between global megatrends and developments in food safety. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 68, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.014Widén, F., Vågsholm, I., Belák, S., Muradrasoli, S. (2011). Achievement V–Methods for breaking the transmission of pathogens along the food chain: Detection of viruses in food. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 22 (Suppl 1), S49–S57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.05.008Widén, F., Vågsholm, I., Belák, S., Muradrasoli, S. (2011). Achievement V–Methods for breaking the transmission of pathogens along the food chain: Detection of viruses in food. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 22 (Suppl 1), S49–S57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.05.008Chen, J., Wu, X., Sanchez, G., Randazzo, W. (2020). Viability RT-qPCR to detect potentially infectious enteric viruses on heat-processed berries. Food Control, 107, Article 106818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106818Chen, J., Wu, X., Sanchez, G., Randazzo, W. (2020). Viability RT-qPCR to detect potentially infectious enteric viruses on heat-processed berries. Food Control, 107, Article 106818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106818Le Guyader, F. S., Mittelholzer, C., Haugarreau, L., Hedlund, K. O., Alsterlund, R., Pommepuy, M. et al. (2004). Detection of noroviruses in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 97(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.018Le Guyader, F. S., Mittelholzer, C., Haugarreau, L., Hedlund, K. O., Alsterlund, R., Pommepuy, M. et al. (2004). Detection of noroviruses in raspberries associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 97(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.018Le Guyader, F. S., Atmar, R. L., Le Pendu, J. (2012). Transmission of viruses through shellfish: When specific ligands come into play. Current Opinion in Virology, 2(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.029Le Guyader, F. S., Atmar, R. L., Le Pendu, J. (2012). Transmission of viruses through shellfish: When specific ligands come into play. Current Opinion in Virology, 2(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.029Yekta, R., Vahid-Dastjerdi, L., Norouzbeigi, S., Mortazavian, A. M. (2021). Food products as potential carriers of SARS-CoV-2. Food Control, 123, Article 107754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107754Yekta, R., Vahid-Dastjerdi, L., Norouzbeigi, S., Mortazavian, A. M. (2021). Food products as potential carriers of SARS-CoV-2. Food Control, 123, Article 107754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107754Djekic, I., Nikolić, A., Uzunović, M., Marijke, A., Liu, A., Han, J. et al. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic effects on food safety — Multi-country survey study. Food Control, 122, Article 107800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107800Djekic, I., Nikolić, A., Uzunović, M., Marijke, A., Liu, A., Han, J. et al. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic effects on food safety — Multi-country survey study. Food Control, 122, Article 107800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107800Miranda, R. C., Schaffner, D. W. (2019). Virus risk in the food supply chain. Current Opinion in Food Science, 30, 43–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.12.002Miranda, R. C., Schaffner, D. W. (2019). Virus risk in the food supply chain. Current Opinion in Food Science, 30, 43–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.12.002Hrdy, J., Vasickova, P. (2022). Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples–The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control, 134, Article 108764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764Hrdy, J., Vasickova, P. (2022). Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples–The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control, 134, Article 108764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764Sun, B., Bosch, A., Myrmel, M. (2019). Extended direct lysis method for virus detection on berries including droplet digital RT-PCR or real time RT-PCR with reduced influence from inhibitors. Journal of Virological Methods, 271, Article 113638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.004Sun, B., Bosch, A., Myrmel, M. (2019). Extended direct lysis method for virus detection on berries including droplet digital RT-PCR or real time RT-PCR with reduced influence from inhibitors. Journal of Virological Methods, 271, Article 113638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.004Wei, T., Lu, G., Clover, G. (2008). Novel approaches to mitigate primer interaction and eliminate inhibitors in multiplex PCR, demonstrated using an assay for detection of three strawberry viruses. Journal of Virological Methods, 151(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.003Wei, T., Lu, G., Clover, G. (2008). Novel approaches to mitigate primer interaction and eliminate inhibitors in multiplex PCR, demonstrated using an assay for detection of three strawberry viruses. Journal of Virological Methods, 151(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.003Mäde, D., Trübner, K., Neubert, E., Höhne, M., Johne, R. (2013). Detection and typing of norovirus from frozen strawberries involved in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak in Germany. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-013-9118-0Mäde, D., Trübner, K., Neubert, E., Höhne, M., Johne, R. (2013). Detection and typing of norovirus from frozen strawberries involved in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak in Germany. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-013-9118-0Widén, F. (2016). Hepatitis E as a zoonosis. Chapter in a book: Hepatitis E Virus. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer, Dordrecht, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_4Widén, F. (2016). Hepatitis E as a zoonosis. Chapter in a book: Hepatitis E Virus. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer, Dordrecht, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_4Meng, X. J. (2010). Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Veterinary Microbiology, 140(3–4), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.017Meng, X. J. (2010). Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Veterinary Microbiology, 140(3–4), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.017Hamza, I. A., Jurzik, L., Überla, K., Wilhelm, M. (2011). Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214(6), 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014Hamza, I. A., Jurzik, L., Überla, K., Wilhelm, M. (2011). Methods to detect infectious human enteric viruses in environmental water samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214(6), 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.014Teixeira, P., Costa, S., Brown, B., Silva, S., Rodrigues, R., Valerio, E. (2020). Quantitative PCR detection of enteric viruses in wastewater and environmental water sources by the Lisbon municipality: A case study. Water, 12(2), Article 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020544Teixeira, P., Costa, S., Brown, B., Silva, S., Rodrigues, R., Valerio, E. (2020). Quantitative PCR detection of enteric viruses in wastewater and environmental water sources by the Lisbon municipality: A case study. Water, 12(2), Article 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020544Farkas, K., Cooper, D. M., McDonald, J. E., Malham, S. K., de Rougemont, A., Jones, D. L. (2018). Seasonal and spatial dynamics of enteric viruses in wastewater and in riverine and estuarine receiving waters. Science of the Total Environment, 634, 1174–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.038Farkas, K., Cooper, D. M., McDonald, J. E., Malham, S. K., de Rougemont, A., Jones, D. L. (2018). Seasonal and spatial dynamics of enteric viruses in wastewater and in riverine and estuarine receiving waters. Science of the Total Environment, 634, 1174–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.038Butot, S., Putallaz, T., Sanchez, G. (2007). Procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(1), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01248-06Butot, S., Putallaz, T., Sanchez, G. (2007). Procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(1), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01248-06Scherer, K., Johne, R., Schrader, C., Ellerbroek, L., Schulenburg, J., Klein, G. (2010). Comparison of two extraction methods for viruses in food and application in a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak. Journal of Virological Methods, 169(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.008Scherer, K., Johne, R., Schrader, C., Ellerbroek, L., Schulenburg, J., Klein, G. (2010). Comparison of two extraction methods for viruses in food and application in a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak. Journal of Virological Methods, 169(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.06.008Perrin, A., Loutreul, J., Boudaud, N., Bertrand, I., Gantzer, C. (2015). Rapid, simple and efficient method for detection of viral genomes on raspberries. Journal of Virological Methods, 224, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.005Perrin, A., Loutreul, J., Boudaud, N., Bertrand, I., Gantzer, C. (2015). Rapid, simple and efficient method for detection of viral genomes on raspberries. Journal of Virological Methods, 224, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.005Baert, L., Uyttendaele, M., Debevere, J. (2008). Evaluation of viral extraction methods on a broad range of Ready-To-Eat foods with conventional and realtime RT-PCR for Norovirus GII detection. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 123(1–2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.020Baert, L., Uyttendaele, M., Debevere, J. (2008). Evaluation of viral extraction methods on a broad range of Ready-To-Eat foods with conventional and realtime RT-PCR for Norovirus GII detection. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 123(1–2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.020Bartsch, C., Szabo, K., Dinh-Thanh, M., Schrader, C., Trojnar, E., Johne, R. (2016). Comparison and optimization of detection methods for noroviruses in frozen strawberries containing different amounts of RT-PCR inhibitors. Food Microbiology, 60, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.07.005Bartsch, C., Szabo, K., Dinh-Thanh, M., Schrader, C., Trojnar, E., Johne, R. (2016). Comparison and optimization of detection methods for noroviruses in frozen strawberries containing different amounts of RT-PCR inhibitors. Food Microbiology, 60, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.07.005Lowther, J. A., Bosch, A., Butot, S., Ollivier, J., Mäde, D., Rutjes, S. A. et al. (2019). Validation of EN ISO method 15216 — Part 1 — Quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food matrices. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 288, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.014Lowther, J. A., Bosch, A., Butot, S., Ollivier, J., Mäde, D., Rutjes, S. A. et al. (2019). Validation of EN ISO method 15216 — Part 1 — Quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food matrices. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 288, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.014Suffredini, E., Magnabosco, C., Civettini, M., Rossetti, E., Arcangeli, G., Croci, L. (2012). Norovirus contamination in different shellfish species harvested in the same production areas. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(3), 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05356.xSuffredini, E., Magnabosco, C., Civettini, M., Rossetti, E., Arcangeli, G., Croci, L. (2012). Norovirus contamination in different shellfish species harvested in the same production areas. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(3), 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05356.xGyawali, P., Kc, S., Beale, D. J., Hewitt, J. (2019). Current and emerging technologies for the detection of norovirus from shellfish. Foods, 8(6), Article 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8060187Gyawali, P., Kc, S., Beale, D. J., Hewitt, J. (2019). Current and emerging technologies for the detection of norovirus from shellfish. Foods, 8(6), Article 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8060187Chung, S. H., Baek, C., Cong, V. T., Min, J. (2015). The microfluidic chip module for the detection of murine norovirus in oysters using charge switchable micro-bead beating. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 67, 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.083Chung, S. H., Baek, C., Cong, V. T., Min, J. (2015). The microfluidic chip module for the detection of murine norovirus in oysters using charge switchable micro-bead beating. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 67, 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.083Kingsley, D. H. (2014). High pressure processing of bivalve shellfish and HPP’s use as a virus intervention. Foods, 3(2), 336–350. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3020336Kingsley, D. H. (2014). High pressure processing of bivalve shellfish and HPP’s use as a virus intervention. Foods, 3(2), 336–350. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3020336Le, H. Q., Suffredini, E., Pham, D. T., To, A. K., Medici, D. D. (2018). Development of a method for direct extraction of viral RNA from bivalve molluscs. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 67(5), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13065Le, H. Q., Suffredini, E., Pham, D. T., To, A. K., Medici, D. D. (2018). Development of a method for direct extraction of viral RNA from bivalve molluscs. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 67(5), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13065Ambrosi, C., Prezioso, C., Checconi, P., Scribano, D., Sarshar, M., Capannari, M. et al. (2021). SARS-CoV-2: Comparative analysis of different RNA extraction methods. Journal of Virological Methods, 287, Article 114008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114008Ambrosi, C., Prezioso, C., Checconi, P., Scribano, D., Sarshar, M., Capannari, M. et al. (2021). SARS-CoV-2: Comparative analysis of different RNA extraction methods. Journal of Virological Methods, 287, Article 114008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114008Griffin, D. W., Donaldson, K. A., Paul, J. H., Rose, J. B. (2003). Pathogenic human viruses in coastal waters. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.1.129-143.2003Griffin, D. W., Donaldson, K. A., Paul, J. H., Rose, J. B. (2003). Pathogenic human viruses in coastal waters. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.1.129-143.2003Rajiuddin, S. M., Jensen, T., Hansen, T. B., Schultz, A. C. (2020). An optimised direct lysis method for viral RNA extraction and detection of foodborne viruses on fruits and vegetables. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(3), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-020-09437-xRajiuddin, S. M., Jensen, T., Hansen, T. B., Schultz, A. C. (2020). An optimised direct lysis method for viral RNA extraction and detection of foodborne viruses on fruits and vegetables. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(3), 226–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-020-09437-xHennechart-Collette, C., Dehan, O., Fraisse, A., Martin-Latil, S., Perelle, S. (2023). Development of an extraction method to detect hepatitis A Virus, hepatitis E Virus, and noroviruses in fish products. Microorganisms, 11(3), Article 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030624Hennechart-Collette, C., Dehan, O., Fraisse, A., Martin-Latil, S., Perelle, S. (2023). Development of an extraction method to detect hepatitis A Virus, hepatitis E Virus, and noroviruses in fish products. Microorganisms, 11(3), Article 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030624Greene, S. R., Moe, C. L., Jaykus, L. A., Cronin, M., Grosso, L., van Aarle, P. (2003). Evaluation of the NucliSens basic kit assay for detection of Norwalk virus RNA in stool specimens. Journal of Virological Methods, 108(1), 123–131 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00286-0Greene, S. R., Moe, C. L., Jaykus, L. A., Cronin, M., Grosso, L., van Aarle, P. (2003). Evaluation of the NucliSens basic kit assay for detection of Norwalk virus RNA in stool specimens. Journal of Virological Methods, 108(1), 123–131 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00286-0Persson, S., Nybogård, L., Simonsson, M., Eriksson, R. (2020). Optimisation and evaluation of an automated system for extraction of viral RNA from oysters. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 315, Article 108386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108386Persson, S., Nybogård, L., Simonsson, M., Eriksson, R. (2020). Optimisation and evaluation of an automated system for extraction of viral RNA from oysters. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 315, Article 108386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108386Steele, M., Lambert, D., Bissonnette, R., Yamamoto, E., Hardie, K., Locas, A. (2022). Norovirus GI and GII and hepatitis a virus in berries and pomegranate arils in Canada. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 379, Article 109840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109840Steele, M., Lambert, D., Bissonnette, R., Yamamoto, E., Hardie, K., Locas, A. (2022). Norovirus GI and GII and hepatitis a virus in berries and pomegranate arils in Canada. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 379, Article 109840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109840Bernard, H., Faber, M., Wilking, H., Haller, S., Höhle, M., Schielke, A. et al. (2014). Large multistate outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with frozen strawberries, Germany, 2012. Eurosurveillance, 19(8), Article 20719. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.8.20719Bernard, H., Faber, M., Wilking, H., Haller, S., Höhle, M., Schielke, A. et al. (2014). Large multistate outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with frozen strawberries, Germany, 2012. Eurosurveillance, 19(8), Article 20719. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.8.20719Bozkurt, H., Phan-Thien, K.-Y., van Ogtrop, F., Bell, T., McConchie, R. (2021). Outbreaks, occurrence, and control of norovirus and hepatitis a virus contamination in berries: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(1), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1719383Bozkurt, H., Phan-Thien, K.-Y., van Ogtrop, F., Bell, T., McConchie, R. (2021). Outbreaks, occurrence, and control of norovirus and hepatitis a virus contamination in berries: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(1), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1719383Pouillot, R., Smith, M., Van Doren, J. M., Catford, A., Holtzman, J., Calci, K. R. et al. (2022). Risk assessment of norovirus illness from consumption of raw oysters in the United States and in Canada. Risk Analysis, 42(2), 344–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13755Pouillot, R., Smith, M., Van Doren, J. M., Catford, A., Holtzman, J., Calci, K. R. et al. (2022). Risk assessment of norovirus illness from consumption of raw oysters in the United States and in Canada. Risk Analysis, 42(2), 344–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13755Dirks, R. A. M., Jansen, C. C. C., Hägele, G., Zwartkruis-Nahuis, A. J. T., Tijsma, A. S. L., Boxman, I. L. A. (2021). Quantitative levels of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in bivalve molluscs collected along the food chain in the Netherlands, 2013–2017. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 344, Article 109089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109089Dirks, R. A. M., Jansen, C. C. C., Hägele, G., Zwartkruis-Nahuis, A. J. T., Tijsma, A. S. L., Boxman, I. L. A. (2021). Quantitative levels of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in bivalve molluscs collected along the food chain in the Netherlands, 2013–2017. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 344, Article 109089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109089Gao, X., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Guan, X., Ma, Y. et al. (2019). Surveillance of norovirus contamination in commercial fresh/frozen berries from Heilongjiang Province, China, using a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. Food Microbiology, 82, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.017Gao, X., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Guan, X., Ma, Y. et al. (2019). Surveillance of norovirus contamination in commercial fresh/frozen berries from Heilongjiang Province, China, using a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. Food Microbiology, 82, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.017Cook, N., Williams, L., D’Agostino, M. (2019). Prevalence of Norovirus in produce sold at retail in the United Kingdom. Food Microbiology, 79, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.12.003Cook, N., Williams, L., D’Agostino, M. (2019). Prevalence of Norovirus in produce sold at retail in the United Kingdom. Food Microbiology, 79, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.12.003Moor, D., Liniger, M., Baumgartner, A., Felleisen, R. (2018). Screening of readyto-eat meat products for hepatitis E virus in Switzerland. Food and Environmental Virology, 10(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-018-9340-xMoor, D., Liniger, M., Baumgartner, A., Felleisen, R. (2018). Screening of readyto-eat meat products for hepatitis E virus in Switzerland. Food and Environmental Virology, 10(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-018-9340-xPark, W.-J., Park, B.-J., Ahn, H.-S., Lee, J.-B., Park, S.-Y., Song, C.-S. et al. (2016). Hepatitis E virus as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Journal of Veterinary Science, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.1Park, W.-J., Park, B.-J., Ahn, H.-S., Lee, J.-B., Park, S.-Y., Song, C.-S. et al. (2016). Hepatitis E virus as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Journal of Veterinary Science, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.1Lainšček, P. R., Toplak, I., Kirbiš, A. (2017). A comprehensive study of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs entering a slaughterhouse in Slovenia. Veterinary Microbiology, 212, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.002Lainšček, P. R., Toplak, I., Kirbiš, A. (2017). A comprehensive study of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs entering a slaughterhouse in Slovenia. Veterinary Microbiology, 212, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.002Pavio, N., Merbah, T., Thébault, A. (2014). Frequent hepatitis E virus contamination in food containing raw pork liver, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(11), 1925–1927. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2011.140891Pavio, N., Merbah, T., Thébault, A. (2014). Frequent hepatitis E virus contamination in food containing raw pork liver, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(11), 1925–1927. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2011.140891Di Bartolo, I., Angeloni, G., Ponterio, E., Ostanello, F., Ruggeri, F. M. (2015). Detection of hepatitis E virus in pork liver sausages. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 193, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.005Di Bartolo, I., Angeloni, G., Ponterio, E., Ostanello, F., Ruggeri, F. M. (2015). Detection of hepatitis E virus in pork liver sausages. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 193, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.005Milojević, L., Velebit, B., Teodorović, V., Kirbiš, A., Petrović, T., Karabasil, N. et al. (2019). Screening and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in slaughter pigs in Serbia. Food and Environmental Virology, 11(4), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-019-09393-1Milojević, L., Velebit, B., Teodorović, V., Kirbiš, A., Petrović, T., Karabasil, N. et al. (2019). Screening and molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in slaughter pigs in Serbia. Food and Environmental Virology, 11(4), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-019-09393-1

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.