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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodsyst</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Food systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пищевые системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2618-9771</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7272</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21323/2618-9771-2022-5-4-361-368</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodsyst-205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact of changes in the fat phase on the peculiarities of the  formation of quality indicators of semi-hard and hard cheeses</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние изменений в жировой фазе на особенности формирования показателей качества полутвердых и твердых сыров</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-7103</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мордвинова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mordvinova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мордвинова Валентина Александровна — кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, руководитель отдела сыроделия.</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p><p>Тел.: +7–915–970–36–38</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valentina A. Mordvinova - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Head  of Cheese  Making  Department,  All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheese-making.</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p><p>Tel.: +7–915–970–36–38</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.mordvinova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0225-6870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топникова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Topnikova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Топникова Елена Васильевна — доктор технических наук, директор.</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p><p>Тел.: +7–910–666–93–93</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Topnikova - Doctor  of  Technical Sciences, Director, All-Russian</p><p>Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheese-making.</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p><p>Tel.: +7–910–666–93–93</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.topnikova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-224X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Данилова Екатерина Сергеевна — младший научный сотрудник, отдел маслоделия.</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p><p>Тел.: +7–960–527–61–48</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Danilova - Junior   Researcher, Buttermaking Department, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheese-making.</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p><p>Tel.: +7–960–527–61–48</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.danilova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-4163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остроухова</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostroukhova</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Остроухова Ирина Леонидовна — кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник, отдел сыроделия.</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p><p>Тел.: +7–48532–9–81–52</p><p>Тел.: +7–910–972–91–22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina L. Ostroukhova - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior  Researcher, Department of  Cheese   Making,  All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheese-making.</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p><p>Tel.: +7–910–972–91–22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.ostroukhova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт маслоделия и сыроделия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheesemaking</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>361</fpage><lpage>368</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Mordvinova V.A., Topnikova E.V., Danilova E.S., Ostroukhova I.L., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мордвинова В.А., Топникова Е.В., Данилова Е.С., Остроухова И.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mordvinova V.A., Topnikova E.V., Danilova E.S., Ostroukhova I.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/205">https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/205</self-uri><abstract><p>Cheesemaking is a complex process that involves  lactose metabolism, proteolysis and  lipolysis. The flavor bouquet  of ripening cheeses is formed  as a result of changes in all the  components of milk. The conditions of keeping and feeding  a ruminant, its type, breed,  as well as the  technological features of cheese production influence this  process. Milk fat  contributes to  the  formation of the  flavor  bouquet of cheese, which  undergoes separate changes in the  stage  of milk processing for cheese. We studied semi-hard cheeses — Dutch  and Vityaz and hard cheese — Italiko, made from the same raw milk using the microflora characteristic of these cheeses. The temperature  of the  second heating ranged from 39°C to 54°C, depending on the  type  of cheese. To assess  the  quality of cheeses, their physical and chemical composition and degree of maturity, organoleptic indicators and the content of volatile flavoring compounds, acid number, Reichert-Meissl number and  fatty acid composition of the  fatty phase of cheeses were determined. In comparative studies of cheeses, the features of the formation of their quality indicators, due to the composition and manufacturing technology, were revealed. They manifested themselves in the  flavor bouquet and texture of the  product, as well as in the  fatty acid composition of cheeses, confirming the importance of the fat phase in the quality formation of the studied cheeses during their production, ripening and storage. It has been  proven that even a slight  increase in the  acid number of fat during the  production of all cheeses contributes to the  further transformation of the  resulting free  fatty acids  into  volatile flavoring  compounds that take part  in the formation of the taste and aroma  of the finished product.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изготовление сыров  — это сложный процесс, который сопровождается метаболизмом лактозы, протеолизом и липолизом. Вкусовой букет созревающих сыров  формируется в результате изменений всех составных частей молока. На этот процесс влияют условия содержания и кормления жвачного животного, его вид, порода, а также технологические особенности производства сыра. Свой вклад  в формирование вкусового букета сыра вносит молочный жир, который в процессе переработки молока на сыр подвергается отдельным изменениям. Исследовали полутвердые сыры — Голландский и Витязь  и твердый сыр — Италико, изготовленные из одного и того же молока-сырья с использованием характерной для этих сыров микрофлорой. Температура второго нагревания составляла от 39 °C до 54 °C, в зависимости от вида  сыра. Для оценки качества сыров определяли их физико-химический состав и степень зрелости, органолептические показатели и содержание летучих вкусо-ароматических соединений, кислотное число, число Рейхерта-Мейссля и жирнокислотный состав жировой фазы  сыров. При сравнительных исследованиях сыров выявлены особенности формирования показателей их качества, обусловленные составом и технологией изготовления. Они проявились во вкусовом букете и консистенции продукта, а также в жирнокислотном составе сыров, подтвердив значимость жировой фазы  в формировании качества исследуемых сыров в процессе их выработки, созревания и хранения. Доказано,  что даже несущественное повышение кислотного числа  жира при выработке всех сыров  способствует дальнейшей трансформации образующихся свободных жирных кислот  в летучие вкусо-ароматические соединения, принимающие участие в формировании вкуса и аромата готового продукта.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сыр твердый</kwd><kwd>сыр полутвердый</kwd><kwd>органолептические свойства</kwd><kwd>жирнокислотный состав</kwd><kwd>степень зрелости</kwd><kwd>кислотное число</kwd><kwd>число Рейхерта Мейссля</kwd><kwd>вкусо-ароматические вещества</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hard cheese</kwd><kwd>semi-hard cheese</kwd><kwd>organoleptic properties</kwd><kwd>fatty acid composition</kwd><kwd>degree of maturity</kwd><kwd>acid number</kwd><kwd>Reichart-Meissl number</kwd><kwd>flavoring substances</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения исследований по  государственному заданию № FNEN-2019–0012 Федерального научного центра пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова Российской академии наук.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was published as part of the  research topic  FNEN-2019–0012 of the  state assignment of the V.M. Gorbatov Federal  Research Center for Food Systems  of RAS.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McSweeny, P. L. H., Fox, P. F., Cotter, P. D., Everett, D. W. (2017). Cheese: Chemistry, physics and microbiology. Vol. 1: General aspects. London; San Diefo, CA: Academic Press, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McSweeny, P. L. H., Fox, P. F., Cotter, P. D., Everett, D. W. (2017). Cheese: Chemistry, physics and microbiology. Vol. 1: General aspects. 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