<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodsyst</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Food systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пищевые системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2618-9771</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7272</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21323/2618-9771-2022-5-2-139-144</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodsyst-161</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Formation of uric acid in grain produced by rhyzopertha dominica (f.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Формирование в  зерне мочевой кислоты, продуцируемой зерновым точильщиком rhizopertha dominica (f.).</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2037-7150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закладной</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakladnoy</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Закладной Геннадий Алексеевич — доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, сектор защиты от вредителей и санитарной охраны зерна и  зернопродуктов, </p><p>127434, г. Москва, Дмитровское ш., 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennady A. Zakladnoy, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher, Sector of Protection against Pests and Sanitary Protection of Grain and Grain Products</p><p>11, Dmitrovskoe shosse, 127434, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vlaza@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1302-0951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яицких</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yaitskikh</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яицких Артем Валерьевич  — кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник, Отдел безопасности и  качества зерна и  зернопродуктов</p><p>127434, г. Москва, Дмитровское ш., 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem V.  Yaitskikh, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Department of Safety and Quality of Grain and Grain Products</p><p>11, Dmitrovskoe shosse, 127434, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">microbiolab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-2262</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степаненко</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanenko</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степаненко Дмитрий Сергеевич — младший научный сотрудник, Отдел безопасности и качества зерна и зернопродуктов</p><p>127434, г. Москва, Дмитровское ш., 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Stepanenko, Junior Researcher Department of Safety and Quality of Grain and Grain Products</p><p>11, Dmitrovskoe shosse, 127434, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ark310@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт зерна и продуктов его переработки</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute for Grain and Products of its Processing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>139</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Zakladnoy G.A., Yaitskikh A.V., Stepanenko D.S., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Закладной Г.А., Яицких А.В., Степаненко Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakladnoy G.A., Yaitskikh A.V., Stepanenko D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/161">https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/161</self-uri><abstract><p>The study describes the peculiarities of the development of uric acid produced by lesser grain borers Rhizopertha dominica during their vital activities in the grain mass. Pollution of grain by insects makes it poisonous. The conventional determination of grain pollution by the number of insects in the intergrain space in several cases (for example, after grain separation) gives a false picture of its actual hazard for human nutrition, which is a possibility for introduction of falsified grain products to the market. This leads to provision of the population with low-quality primary products, which, subsequently, reduces the quality of foods produced from such grain. During their vital activities, insects pollute grain with uric acid, which analysis is proposed as an alternative to the conventional method. The present study is devoted to the determination of the quantitative dependence of uric acid formation in wheat grain on the number of Rhizopertha dominica. It is shown that uric acid formation in grain by this pest is conditioned by the character of its nutrition with the development of a large amount of excrements in a form of fine gray dust with the characteristic odor commonly referred to as “floury dust”. It was established experimentally that the main part of uric acid excreted by the pest is concentrated in “floury dust”. Grain without “floury dust” contains the insignificant amount of uric acid; however, it is closely linked with the density of its pollution with imago Rh. dominica. As grain before milling in milling plants is subjected to thorough cleaning, during which “floury dust” is removed along with other contaminants, it is recommended to sift “floury dust” from grain before determination of uric acid in it.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Это исследование описывает особенности образования в зерновой массе мочевой кислоты, выделяемой зерновым точильщиком Rhizopertha dominica F. в процессе его жизнедеятельности. Загрязнение зерна насекомыми делает его ядовитым. Традиционное определение загрязненности зерна по количеству насекомых в межзерновом пространстве в ряде случаев, например, после сепарирования зерна, дает ложную картину его фактической опасности для питания людей, что является возможностью для вывода на рынок фальсифицированной зерновой продукции. Это приводит к поставкам населению некачественной первичной продукции, которая в последующем снижает качество вырабатываемых из такого зерна пищевых продуктов. В процессе жизнедеятельности насекомые загрязняют мочевой кислотой зерно, анализ которой предлагается в качестве альтернативы традиционному методу. Настоящее исследование посвящено установлению количественной зависимости формирования мочевой кислоты в зерне пшеницы от численности Rh. dominica. Показано, что формирование мочевой кислоты в зерне этим вредителем обусловлено характером его питания с образованием большого количества экскрементов в виде мелкой сероватой пыли с характерным запахом, которую принято называть «мучель». Экспериментально установлено, что в мучели сосредоточена основная часть мочевой кислоты, выделяемой вредителем. В зерне без мучели находится незначительное количество мочевой кислоты, однако оно тесно связано с плотностью загрязненности его имаго Rh. dominica. Поскольку перед помолом зерно на мукомольных заводах подвергается тщательной очистке, в процессе которой наравне с другим сором удаляется и мучель, рекомендовано перед определением мочевой кислоты в зерне, зараженном Rh. dominica, отсеивать из него мучель.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>зерно</kwd><kwd>зерновой точильщик</kwd><kwd>мочевая кислота</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>grain</kwd><kwd>Rhizopertha dominica</kwd><kwd>uric acid</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лой, Н. Н., Губарева, О. С., Санжарова, Н. И., Гулина, С. Н., Щагина, Н. И., Миронова, М. П. (2016). Влияние ионизирующего излучения на жизнеспособность насекомых-вредителей, качество зерна и зернопродуктов. Вестник Российской сельскохозяйственной науки, 6, 53–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loy, N. N., Gubareva, O.S., Sanzharova, N.I., Gulina, S.N., Shchagina, N.I., Mironova, M. P. (2016). The ionizing radiation effect on the vital capacity of pests and quality of grain and grain products. Vestnik of the Russian Agricultural Science, 6, 53–55. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закладной, Г. А. (2011). Зерно и насекомые. Хлебопродукты, (12), 57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakladnoj, G. A. (2011). Grain and insects. Bread Products, 12, 57. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joshi, R., Tiwari, S. N. (2019). Fumigant toxicity and repellent activity of some essential oils against stored grain pest Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(4), 59–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joshi, R., Tiwari, S. N. (2019). Fumigant toxicity and repellent activity of some essential oils against stored grain pest Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(4), 59–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Когтева, Е. Ф., Алешина, М. В. (2017). Проблемы от насекомых и клещей. Инновационные технологии производства и хранения материальных ценностей для государственных нужд, 7(7), 140–146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kogteva, E. F., Aleshina, M. V. (2017). Problems from insects and ticks. Innovative Production and Storage Technologies for Public Needs, 7(7), 140–146. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epic Natural Health (2022). Uric Acid &amp; Gout Symptoms | Which foods Reduce &amp; Treat Uric Acid | Uric Acid Foods To Avoid. Retrieved from https://www.epicnaturalhealth.com/uric-acid-gout-symptoms-whichfoods-reduce-treat-uric-acid-uric-acid-foods-to-avoid. Accessed May 16, 2022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epic Natural Health (2022). Uric Acid &amp; Gout Symptoms | Which foods Reduce &amp; Treat Uric Acid | Uric Acid Foods To Avoid. Retrieved from https://www.epicnaturalhealth.com/uric-acid-gout-symptoms-whichfoods-reduce-treat-uric-acid-uric-acid-foods-to-avoid. Accessed May 16, 2022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закладной, Г. А., Васильев, А. Н., Антонович, Е. А., Сыроед, Н. С. (1991). Регламентация вредных насекомых и клещей в зерне. Хлебопродукты, 4, 38–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakladnoj, G. A., Vasiliev, A. N., Antonovich, E. A., Syroed, N. S. (1991). Regulation of harmful insects and ticks in grains. Bread Products, 4, 38– 44. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонович, Е. А., Черковская, Х. Я., Закладной, Г. А., Киселева, Н. И., Сыроед, Н. С. (1987). Биохимическая и гигиеническая оценка зерна пшеницы, зараженного рисовым долгоносиком. Труды ВНИИЗ, 109, 93–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonovich, E. A., Cherkovskaya, H. Y., Zakladnoj, G. A., Kiseleva, N. I., Syroed, N. S. (1987). Biochemical and hygienic estimation of wheat grains contaminated with rice weevil. Works by VNIIS, 109, 93–99. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banga, K. S., Kotwaliwale, N., Mohapatra, D., Giri, S. K. (2018). Techniques for insect detection in stored food grains: An overview. Food Control, 94, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banga, K. S., Kotwaliwale, N., Mohapatra, D., Giri, S. K. (2018). Techniques for insect detection in stored food grains: An overview. Food Control, 94, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao, F., Qi, Y., Hamadou, A. H., Zhang, J., Manzoor, M. F., Guo, Q. et al. (2022). Enhancing wheat-flour safety by detecting and controlling red flour beetle tribolium castaneum herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal Fur Verbraucherschutz Und Lebensmittelsicherheit, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003–022–01371–3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao, F., Qi, Y., Hamadou, A. H., Zhang, J., Manzoor, M. F., Guo, Q. et al. (2022). Enhancing wheat-flour safety by detecting and controlling red flour beetle tribolium castaneum herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal Fur Verbraucherschutz Und Lebensmittelsicherheit, https://doi. org/10.1007/s00003–022–01371–3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaitra, S., Prashanth, J., Jagadeeshkumar, T. S. (2020). Empirical analysis of uric acid in Malpighian tubules and dry excrements and economic traits of the silkworm hybrids. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(4), 929–935 https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2020.v8.i4o.7237</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaitra, S., Prashanth, J., Jagadeeshkumar, T. S. (2020). Empirical analysis of uric acid in Malpighian tubules and dry excrements and economic traits of the silkworm hybrids. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(4), 929–935 https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2020.v8.i4o.7237</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Modgil, R., Devi, R., Sood, A., Sandal, A. (2021). Physico-chemical properties, uric acid, carbohydrates, mineral, trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content of bruchids infested processed Chick pea. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 10(2), 1926–1934. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.230</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Modgil, R., Devi, R., Sood, A., Sandal, A. (2021). Physico-chemical properties, uric acid, carbohydrates, mineral, trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid content of bruchids infested processed Chick pea. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 10(2), 1926–1934. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.230</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Subrahmanyan, V., Swaminathan, M., Pingale, S. V., Kadkol, S. B. (1955). Uric acid as an index of insect filth in cereals and milled cereal products. Bulletin of Central Food Technological Research Institute, 4(4), 86–87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subrahmanyan, V., Swaminathan, M., Pingale, S. V., Kadkol, S. B. (1955). Uric acid as an index of insect filth in cereals and milled cereal products. Bulletin of Central Food Technological Research Institute, 4(4), 86–87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakladnoy, G. A., Yaitskikh, A. V. (2020). Dependence of uric acid content in stored grain on the population density of the rice weevil sitophilus oryzae (L.) (coleoptera, dryophthoridae). Entomological Review, 100(2), 170–172. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873820020049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakladnoy, G. F., Yaitskikh, A. V. (2020). Dependence of uric acid content in stored grain on the population density of the rice weevil sitophilus oryzae (L.) (coleoptera, dryophthoridae). Entomological Review, 100(2), 170–172. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873820020049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devi, R., Modgil, R., Sood, A. (2019). Effect of cooking on the proximate composition, uric acid content and anti-nutritonal factors on insect Bruchid infested gram at graded levels of infestation. International Journal of Microbiology and Current Research, 1(1), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.18689/ijmr 1000107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devi, R., Modgil, R., Sood, A. (2019). Effect of cooking on the proximate composition, uric acid content and anti-nutritonal factors on insect Bruchid infested gram at graded levels of infestation. International Journal of Microbiology and Current Research, 1(1), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.18689/ ijmr 1000107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakladnoy, G. A. (2016). Voracity of the main stored-product insect pests on wheat grain. Entomological Review, 96(1), 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873816010024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakladnoy, G. A. (2016). Voracity of the main stored-product insect pests on wheat grain. Entomological Review, 96(1), 12–14. https://doi. org/10.1134/S0013873816010024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Закладной, Г. А., Яицких, А. В., Степаненко, Д. С. (2021). Ответственность зерновых долгоносиков в загрязнении зерна мочевой кислотой. Хлебопродукты, 9, 48–50. https://doi.org/10.32462/0235–2508–2021–30–9–48–50</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakladnoy, G. A., Yaitskikh, A. V., Stepanenko, D. S. (2021). Responsibility of grain weevils in the contamination of grain with uric acid. Bread Products, 9, 48–50. https://doi.org/10.32462/0235–2508–2021–30–9–48–50 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
