<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodsyst</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Food systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пищевые системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2618-9771</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7272</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21323/2618-9771-2021-4-3-220-225</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodsyst-127</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effective viscosity of lecithin solutions and fat emulsions of black soldier fly larvae with different lecithin content</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективная вязкость растворов лецитина и эмульсий жира личинок черной львинки с различным содержанием лецитина</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-4010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубан</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruban</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рубан Альбина Алексеевна — лаборант-исследователь.</p><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55.</p><p>Тел.: +7-931-252-83-55</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Albina A. Ruban — laboratory assistant-researcher, All-Russian Research Institute for Food Additives.</p><p>55, Liteiny pr., 191014, St. Petersburg.</p><p>Tel.: +7-931-252-83-55</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">albinaruban98@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-0649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова (Захарова)</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova (Zakharova)</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новикова (Захарова) Мария Вячеславовна — кандидат технических наук, младший научный сотрудник.</p><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55.</p><p>Тел.: +7-812-273-41-08</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariia V. Novikova (Zakharova) — Candidate of Technical Sciences, research fellow, All-Russian Research Institute for Food Additives</p><p>55, Liteiny pr., 191014, St. Petersburg.</p><p>Tel.: +7-812-273-41-08</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mariazakharova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-514X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Костин Антон Алексеевич — кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник.</p><p>191014, Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр., 55.</p><p>Тел.: +7-812-273-41-08</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Kostin — Candidate of Chemical Sciences, research senior, All-Russian Research Institute for Food Additives.</p><p>55, Liteiny pr., 191014, St. Petersburg.</p><p>Tel.: +7-812-273-41-08</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egresso@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт пищевых добавок</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Research Institute for Food Additives</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>220</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ruban A.A., Novikova (Zakharova) M.V., Kostin A.A., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рубан А.А., Новикова (Захарова) М.В., Костин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ruban A.A., Novikova (Zakharova) M.V., Kostin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/127">https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/127</self-uri><abstract><p>Fats and oils irrespective of their application field are usually used as emulsions — disperse systems consisting of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifier. One of the main indicators for emulsions is effective viscosity, which characterizes behavior of liquid in flow. This indicator is also important for optimization of production processes, application and storage of emulsions. It was found that fat of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae is close to coconut and palm oil by its qualitative and quantitative composition, which makes it one of the promising alternative sources of fats for the industry. Based on this fact, the aim of the study was to determine effective viscosity of lecithin solutions and fat emulsions of black soldier fly larvae depending on the lecithin content of 0.5-2.5 weight%. It was found that consistency of the lecithin solutions increased when its concentration increased from 0.5 to 2 weight%. The lecithin solutions with concentrations of 1.0-2.0 weight% demonstrated weak pseudoplastic behavior and those with the lecithin content of 2.5 weight% dilettante. Emulsions with fat of black soldier fly larvae showed twofold lower consistency compared to the lecithin solutions of the same concentration and weak pseudoplastic behavior, which manifestation did not depend on the lecithin concentration.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Жиры и масла, независимо от области применения, обычно используются в виде эмульсий — дисперсных систем, состоящих из двух несмешивающихся жидкостей, стабилизированных эмульгатором. Одним из основных показателей для эмульсий является эффективная вязкость, которая характеризует поведение жидкости при течении. Также этот показатель важен для оптимизации производственных процессов, применения и хранения эмульсий. Показано, что жир личинок Черной львинки (Hermetia illucens) близок по своему качественному и количественному составу к кокосовому и пальмовому маслу, что делает его одним из перспективных альтернативных источников жиров для промышленности. Исходя из этого, целью работы являлось определение эффективной вязкости растворов лецитина и эмульсий жира личинок Черной львинки в зависимости от содержания лецитина 0,5-2,5 масс.%. Установлено, что показатели консистенции растворов лецитина повышались при увеличении его концентрации с 0,5 до 2 масс.%. Растворы лецитина концентрацией 1,0-2,0 масс.% демонстрировали слабое псевдопластичное поведение, а при содержании лецитина 2,5 масс.% — дилатантное. Эмульсии с жиром личинок Черной львинки показали в 2 раза более низкую консистенцию по сравнению с растворами лецитина той же концентрации, а также слабое псевдопластичное поведение, выраженность которого не зависела от концентрации лецитина.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эффективная вязкость</kwd><kwd>лецитин</kwd><kwd>личинки Черной львинки</kwd><kwd>жир насекомых</kwd><kwd>эмульсии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>effective viscosity</kwd><kwd>lecithin</kwd><kwd>Black Soldier Fly</kwd><kwd>BSFL</kwd><kwd>insect fat</kwd><kwd>emulsion</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках проведения исследований по государственному заданию № 2585-2019-0044 Федерального научного центра пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова Российской академии наук.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was published as part of the research topic foundation for scientific research No. 2585-2019-0044 of the state assignment of the V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Первый в Петербурге пункт приема органики заработает 18 января. Электронный ресурс: https://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/terr/reg_viborg/news/180821/ Дата обращения 10.08.2021 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The first organic collection point in St. Petersburg will start working on January 18. Retrieved from https://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/terr/reg_viborg/news/180821/ Accessed August 10, 2021. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эксперты: в России необходимо создать условия для переработки органического мусора. Электронный ресурс: https://tass.ru/nacionalnye-proekty/6310152 Дата обращения 10.08.2021 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Experts: in Russia it is necessary to create conditions for the processing of organic waste Retrieved from https://tass.ru/nacionalnye-proek-ty/6310152 Accessed August 10, 2021. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малышева, А.Г., Козлова, Н.Ю., Растянников, Е.Г., Ерманов, А.А., Шохин, В.А. (2017). Физико-химические исследования для оценки химической безопасности и эффективности применения новой системы очистки свалочного газа на полигоне твердых бытовых отходов. Гигиена и санитария, 96(11), 1103-1108. http://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-11-1103-1108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malysheva, A. G., Kozlova, N. Yu., Rastyannikov, E. G., Ermakov, A. A., Shokhin, V. A. (2017). Physico-chemical investigations for the assessment of the chemical safety and efficacy of application of a new system of landfill gas purification at the solid domestic garbage dump. Gigiena i Sanitariya, 96(11), 1103-1108.http://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-11-1103-1108 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim, T. -K., Yong, H. I., Kim, Y. -B., Kim, H. -W., Choi, Y. -S. (2019). Edible insects as a protein source: A review of public perception, processing technology, and research trends. Food Science of Animal Resources, 39(4), 521-540. http://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2019.e53</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim, T. -K., Yong, H. I., Kim, Y. -B., Kim, H. -W., Choi, Y. -S. (2019). Edible insects as a protein source: A review of public perception, processing technology, and research trends. Food Science of Animal Resources, 39(4), 521-540. http://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2019.e53</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chou, T.-H., Nugroho, D. S., Cheng, Y.-S., Chang, J.-Y. (2020). Development and characterization of nano-emulsions based on oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 191(1), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-019-03210-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chou, T.-H., Nugroho, D. S., Cheng, Y.-S., Chang, J.-Y. (2020). Development and characterization of nano-emulsions based on oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 191(1), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-019-03210-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новые технологии АПК: корма и удобрения из Черной львинки. Электронный ресурс: https://sfera.fm/articles/tkv/novye-tekhnologii-apk-korma-i-udobreniya-iz-chernoi-lvinki/ Дата обращения 5.08.2021 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">New technologies of the agro-industrial complex: feed and fertilizers from the Black Lioness. Retrieved from https://sfera.fm/articles/tkv/novye-tekhnologii-apk-korma-i-udobreniya-iz-chernoi-lvinki/ Accessed August 5, 2021. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu, J.-P., Nacu, A. (2003). Behavior of soybean oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by nonionic surfactant. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 259(2), 374-381.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(02)00207-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu, J.-P., Nacu, A. (2003). Behavior of soybean oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by nonionic surfactant. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 259(2), 374-381.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9797(02)00207-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthaus, B., Piofczyk, T., Katz, H., Pudel, F. (2019). Renewable resources from insects: Exploitation, properties, and refining of fat obtained by cold-pressing from hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 121(7), Article 1800376. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201800376</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthaus, B., Piofczyk, T., Katz, H., Pudel, F. (2019). Renewable resources from insects: Exploitation, properties, and refining of fat obtained by cold-pressing from hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 121(7), Article 1800376. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201800376</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kale, S. N., Deore, S. L. (2016). Emulsion micro emulsion and nano emulsion: A review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 8(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2017.1.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kale, S. N., Deore, S. L. (2016). Emulsion micro emulsion and nano emulsion: A review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 8(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2017.1.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Premlal Ranjith, H. M., Wijewardene, U. (2006). Lipid emulsifiers and surfactants in dairy and bakery products. Chapter in a book: Modifying Lipids for Use in Food. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 393-428. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845691684.3.393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Premlal Ranjith, H. M., Wijewardene, U. (2006). Lipid emulsifiers and surfactants in dairy and bakery products. Chapter in a book: Modifying Lipids for Use in Food. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 393-428. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845691684.3.393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhajj, M. J., Montero, N., Yarce, C. J., Salamanca, C. H. (2020). Lecithins from vegetable, land, and marine animal sources and their potential applications for cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical sectors. Cosmetics, 7(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7040087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhajj, M. J., Montero, N., Yarce, C. J., Salamanca, C. H. (2020). Lecithins from vegetable, land, and marine animal sources and their potential applications for cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical sectors. Cosmetics, 7(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7040087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Derkach, S. R. (2009). Rheology of emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 151(1-2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2009.07.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Derkach, S. R. (2009). Rheology of emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 151(1-2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2009.07.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim, J. S., Wong, S. F., Law, M. C., Samyudia, Y., Dol, S. S. (2015). A review on the effects of emulsions on flow behaviours and common factors affecting the stability of emulsions. Journal of Applied Sciences, 15(2), 167-172. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2015.167.172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim, J. S., Wong, S. F., Law, M. C., Samyudia, Y., Dol, S. S. (2015). A review on the effects of emulsions on flow behaviours and common factors affecting the stability of emulsions. Journal of Applied Sciences, 15(2), 167-172. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2015.167.172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klongdee, S., Thongngam, M., Klinkesorn, U. (2012). Rheology and microstructure of lecithin-stabilized tuna oil emulsions containing chitosan of varying concentration and molecular size. Food Biophysics, 7(2), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-012-9253-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klongdee, S., Thongngam, M., Klinkesorn, U. (2012). Rheology and microstructure of lecithin-stabilized tuna oil emulsions containing chitosan of varying concentration and molecular size. Food Biophysics, 7(2), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-012-9253-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quintana-Martinez, S., Morales-Cano, A., Garci'a-Zapateiro, L. (2018). Rheological behaviour in the interaction of lecithin and guar gum for oil-in-water emulsions. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 36(1), 73-80 https://doi.org/10.17221/315/2017-CJFS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quintana-Martinez, S., Morales-Cano, A., Garci'a-Zapateiro, L. (2018). Rheological behaviour in the interaction of lecithin and guar gum for oil-in-water emulsions. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 36(1), 73-80 https://doi.org/10.17221/315/2017-CJFS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan, L. G., Tomas, M. C., Anon, M. C. (2002). Effect of sunflower lecithins on the stability of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 5(2), 135-143.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-002-0213-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan, L. G., Tomas, M. C., Anon, M. C. (2002). Effect of sunflower lecithins on the stability of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 5(2), 135-143.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-002-0213-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Traynor, M., Burke, R., Frias, J.M., Gaston, E., Barry-Ryan, C. (2013). Formation and stability of an oil in water emulsion containing lecithin, Xanthan gum and sunflower oil. International Food Research Journal, 20(5), 2173-2181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Traynor, M., Burke, R., Frias, J.M., Gaston, E., Barry-Ryan, C. (2013). Formation and stability of an oil in water emulsion containing lecithin, Xan-than gum and sunflower oil. International Food Research Journal, 20(5), 2173-2181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang, H., Lee, Y.-H., Shin, J.-A., Lee, K.-T., Hong, S.-T. (2013). Stability of oil-in-water emulsions with different saturation degrees from beef tallow alcoholysis products. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 42(6), 933-940. http://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.6.933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, H., Lee, Y.-H., Shin, J.-A., Lee, K.-T., Hong, S.-T. (2013). Stability of oil-in-water emulsions with different saturation degrees from beef tallow alcoholysis products. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 42(6), 933-940. http://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.6.933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponphaiboon, J., Limmatvapirat, S., Limmatvapirat, C. (17-18 May, 2018). Influence of emulsifiers on physical properties of oil/water emulsions containing ostrich oil. 7th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Engineering Materials, ICAMEM, Bangkok. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.777.592</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponphaiboon, J., Limmatvapirat, S., Limmatvapirat, C. (17-18 May, 2018). Influence of emulsifiers on physical properties of oil/water emulsions containing ostrich oil. 7th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Engineering Materials, ICAMEM, Bangkok. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.777.592</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattacharya, S., Shylaja, M. H., Manjunath, M. S., Sankar, U. (1998). Rheology of lecithin dispersions. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75(7), 871-874. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0239-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattacharya, S., Shylaja, M. H., Manjunath, M. S., Sankar, U. (1998). Rheology of lecithin dispersions. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75(7), 871-874. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0239-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dayrit, F. M. (2015). The Properties of Lauric Acid and Their Significance in Coconut Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 92(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2562-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dayrit, F. M. (2015). The Properties of Lauric Acid and Their Significance in Coconut Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 92(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2562-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabra, M. J., Jimenez, A., Atares, L., Talens, P., Chiralt, A. (2009). Effect of fatty acids and beeswax addition on properties of sodium caseinate dispersions and films. Biomacromolecules, 10(6), 1500-1507. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm900098p</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabra, M. J., Jimenez, A., Atares, L., Talens, P., Chiralt, A. (2009). Effect of fatty acids and beeswax addition on properties of sodium caseinate dispersions and films. Biomacromolecules, 10(6), 1500-1507. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm900098p</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perrin, J. H., Saunders, L. (1966). Viscosity of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 18(5), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1966.tb07871.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perrin, J. H., Saunders, L. (1966). Viscosity of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin). Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 18(5), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1966.tb07871.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manconi, M., Aparicio, J., Vila, A. O., Pendas, J., Figueruelo, J., Molina, F. (2003). Viscoelastic properties of concentrated dispersions in water of soy lecithin. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 222(1-3), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00249-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manconi, M., Aparicio, J., Vila, A. O., Pendas, J., Figueruelo, J., Molina, F. (2003). Viscoelastic properties of concentrated dispersions in water of soy lecithin. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 222(1-3), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00249-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
