foodsystFood systemsПищевые системы2618-97712618-7272Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН10.21323/2618-9771-2026-9-2-270-281foodsyst-1105Research ArticleСтатьиZirconium dioxide (ZrO2) for active food packaging: physicochemical traits, multifunctional mechanisms, comparative advantages, safety, and prospectsДиоксид циркония (ZRO2) для активной упаковки пищевых продуктов: физико-химические свойства, многофункциональные механизмы, сравнительные преимущества, безопасность и перспективыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3068-8718ПратамаБ. П. PratamaB. P. 

Бима П. Пратама – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Серпонг, Южный Тангеранг, Западная Ява, 15310

Imam Mustofa – Ph.D., Prof., Professor

Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115

bimaputra.pratama@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-9342ХайруллаА. Р. KhairullahA. R. 

Асвин Р.  Хайрулла  – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Богор Км. 46 Cibinong, Богор, Западная Ява, 16911

Aswin R. Khairullah – Ph.D., Dr., Researcher

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911

aswinrafif@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-8138-8021ЮлиантиВ.YuliantiWita

Вита Юлианти – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Богор Км. 46 Cibinong, Богор, Западная Ява, 16911

Wita Yulianti – Ph.D., Dr., Researcher

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911

witaunand@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-1659МустофаИмамMustofaImam

Имам Мустофа – Ph.D., Профессор

Тел.: +62812–3561–540

Кампус С Мульорехо, Jl. Доктор Ир. Х. Сукарно, Сурабая, Восточная Ява, 60115

 

Imam Mustofa – Ph.D., Prof., Professor

Tel.: +62812–3561–540

Kampus C Mulyorejo, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115

imam.mustofa@fkh.unair.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-717XАхмадР. З. AhmadR. Z. 

Риза З. Ахмад – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Богор Км. 46 Cibinong, Богор, Западная Ява, 16911

Riza Z. Ahmad – Ph.D., Dr., Researcher

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911

riza011@brin.go.idhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-7198ЛелианаЛулумLelianaLulum

Лулум Лелиана – Ph.D., Адъюнкт-профессор, Кафедра технологий пищевых продуктов и сельско-хозяйственной продукции

Джокьякарта, 55281

 

Lulum Leliana – Ph.D., Dr., Associate Professor

Yogyakarta, 55281

lulum.leliana@ugm.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7697-3667СукманадиМохаммадSukmanadiMohammad

Мохаммад Сукманади – Ph.D., Адъюнкт-профессор

Кампус С Мульорехо, Jl. Доктор Ир. Х. Сукарно, Сурабая, Восточная Ява, 60115

Mohammad Sukmanadi – Ph.D., Dr., Associate Professor

Jl. Dr. Ir. H.  Soekarno, Surabaya, East Java, 60115

moh-s@fkh.unair.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-0844-266XАфифаН. Р. ‘AfifahNabila  R.

Набила Р. Афифа – бакалавр, СТ, выпускник, Кафедра химической инженерии

Бандар-Лампунг, Лампунг, 35142

Nabila R. ‘Afifah – Bachelor, S.T., Graduated

Bandar Lampung City, Lampung, 35142

nabilarizqi.afifah@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-0218-919XУтариФадхилаUtariFadhila

Фадхила Утари – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Богор Км. 46 Cibinong, Богор, Западная Ява, 16911

Fadhila Utari – Ph.D., Dr., Researcher

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911

utari.fadhila@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6013-0902АкинтундеА. О. AkintundeA. O. 

Адейинка О. Акинтунде – Ph.D., Адъюнкт-профессор, Кафедра сельского хозяйства и промышленных технологий

Илишан-Ремо 121103, штат Огун

 

Adeyinka O. Akintunde – Ph.D., Dr., Associate Professor

Ilishan-Remo 121103, Ogun State

adeyinka.akintunde@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-0422-2845АгриппинаФ. Д. AgrippinaF. D. 

Фидела Д. Агриппина – магистр, MTP, аналитик по пищевым продуктам

Бандар Лампунг, Лампунг, 35142

Fidela D. Agrippina – Master, M.T.P., Food Analyst

Bandar Lampung City, Lampung, 35142

fidela.devina.agrippina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-4319-7776ХидаятМухаммад Р. Ф. HidayatMuhammad R. F. 

Мухаммад Р. Ф. Хидаят – Master, M.T.P., выпускник магистерской программа промышленного инжиниринга

Jl. Teknik Kimia, Кепутих, Сурабая, Восточная Ява, 60111

Muhammad R. F. Hidayat – Master, M.T., Graduated, Master Program of Industrial Engineering

Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Surabaya, East Java, 60111

rifqifahmi3104@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7376-6187ВардханиБантари В. К. WardhaniBantari W. K. 

Бантари В. К. Вардхани – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Богор Км. 46 Cibinong, Богор, Западная Ява, 16911

Bantari W. K. Wardhani – Ph.D., Dr., Researcher

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911

Bantariwisynu@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-8198МозесИ. Б. MosesIkechukwu B. 

Икечукву Б. Мозес – Ph.D., Адъюнкт-профессор, Кафедра прикладной микробиологии

Абакалики, 480211

Ikechukwu B. Moses – Ph.D., Dr., Associate Professor

Abakaliki, 480211

ikechukwumoses937@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-0652КурниасихДеа А. А. KurniasihDea A. A. 

Деа А. А. Курниасих – Ph.D., научный сотрудник

Jl. Рая Богор Км. 46 Cibinong, Богор, Западная Ява, 16911

Dea A. A. Kurniasih – Ph.D., Dr., Researcher

Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911

deaariani@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-3904АнсориАриф Н. М. AnsoriArif N. M. 

Ариф Н. М. Ансори – Ph.D., доктор наук, Адъюнкт-профессор, отдел аспирантуры

кампус Б Дхармавангса Восточная Ява, 60286;

Восточная Ява, 60493

Arif N.  M. Ansori – Ph.D., Dr., Assistant Professor, Postgraduate School

Kampus B Dharmawangsa, East Java, 60286;

East Java, 60493

ansori.anm@gmail.comИсследовательский центр технологических процессов, Национальное агентство исследований и инноваций (BRIN)ИндонезияResearch Center for Process Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)IndonesiaНаучно-исследовательский центр ветеринарных наук, Национальное агентство исследований и инноваций (BRIN)ИндонезияResearch Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)IndonesiaИсследовательский центр биотных систем, Национальное агентство исследований и инноваций (BRIN)ИндонезияResearch Center for Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)IndonesiaОтдел ветеринарной репродукции, факультет ветеринарной медицины, Университет Аирлангга, Джалан Доктор Ир. Х. СукарноИндонезияDivision of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas AirlanggaIndonesiaФакультет сельскохозяйственных технологий, Университет Гаджа МадаИндонезияDepartment of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndonesiaОтделение фундаментальной ветеринарной медицины, факультет ветеринарной медицины, Университет Аирлангга, Кампус С. Мульорехо, Джалан Доктор Ир. Х. СукарноИндонезияDivision of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas AirlanggaIndonesiaИнженерный факультет, Университет ЛампунгИндонезияDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of LampungIndonesiaИсследовательский центр фармацевтических ингредиентов и традиционной медицины, Национальное агентство исследований и инноваций (BRIN)ИндонезияResearch Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)IndonesiaУниверситет БэбкокаНигерияDepartment of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock UniversityNigeriaЦентр стандартизации и промышленных услуг (BSPJI) Бандар Лампунг, Министерство промышленностиИндонезияCenter for Standardization and Industrial Services (BSPJI) Bandar Lampung, Ministry of IndustryIndonesiaМагистерская программа промышленной инженерии, факультет промышленных технологий и системотехники, Технологический институт СепулухИндонезияMaster Program of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh NopemberIndonesiaФакультет естественных наук, Государственный университет ЭбониНигерияDepartment of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State UniversityNigeriaИсследовательский центр общественного здравоохранения и питания, Национальное агентство исследований и инноваций (BRIN)ИндонезияResearch Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)IndonesiaАспирантура, Университет Айрлангга; Институт фармацевтических наук Уттаранчала, Университет Уттаранчала; Исследовательская группа медицинской биотехнологии, Виртуальный исследовательский центр биоинформатики и биотехнологииИндонезияPostgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University; Medical Biotechnology Research Group, Virtual Research Center for Bioinformatics and BiotechnologyIndonesia20260108202692270281Copyright © Pratama B.P., Khairullah A.R., Yulianti W., Mustofa I., Ahmad R.Z., Leliana L., Sukmanadi M., ‘Afifah N.R., Utari F., Akintunde A.O., Agrippina F.D., Hidayat M., Wardhani B., Moses I., Kurniasih D., Ansori A., 20262026Пратама Б.П., Хайрулла А.Р., Юлианти В., Мустофа И., Ахмад Р.З., Лелиана Л., Сукманади М., Афифа Н.Р., Утари Ф., Акинтунде А.О., Агриппина Ф.Д., Хидаят М., Вардхани Б., Мозес И.Б., Курниасих Д., Ансори А.Pratama B.P., Khairullah A.R., Yulianti W., Mustofa I., Ahmad R.Z., Leliana L., Sukmanadi M., ‘Afifah N.R., Utari F., Akintunde A.O., Agrippina F.D., Hidayat M., Wardhani B., Moses I., Kurniasih D., Ansori A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/1105

Food spoilage driven by microbial contamination and oxidative degradation remains a central challenge in global supply chains, contributing significantly to the 1.3 billion tons of food lost annually. Conventional packaging, which acts merely as a passive barrier, is often insufficient to prevent deterioration and meet consumer demand for fresh, safe, and minimally processed products. Active packaging based on nanomaterials offers a promising solution, with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) emerging as a candidate of growing interest. ZrO2 combines high mechanical strength, chemical inertness, and thermal stability with bioactive functions that are advantageous for food preservation. When incorporated into polymer matrices, ZrO2 exhibits antimicrobial activity through the generation of reactive oxygen species and membrane disruption, antioxidant capacity by limiting oxygen diffusion and scavenging free radicals, and barrier improvements by reducing gas permeability. These mechanisms collectively delay microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and undesirable changes in color, flavor, and texture. Experimental studies confirm that ZrO2-containing films and coatings can extend the shelf-life of perishable foods, including meat, dairy, oils, and fresh produce, while maintaining optical clarity and material durability. Importantly, ZrO2 generally shows low migration under standard food storage conditions, though nanoscale applications necessitate comprehensive toxicological evaluation and regulatory oversight. In addition to its functional properties, ZrO2 supports sustainability goals when integrated with biodegradable polymers such as PLA, PVA, chitosan, or cellulose. Overall, ZrO2 offers a balanced combination of efficacy, stability, and safety, positioning it as a promising component in the next generation of clean-label, environmentally responsible active food packaging systems.

Порча пищевых продуктов, вызванная микробным загрязнением и окислительным разложением, остаётся одной из основных проблем в глобальных цепочках продовольственных поставок, внося значительный вклад в ежегодные потери продовольствия в размере 1,3 млрд тонн. Традиционная упаковка, действующая лишь как пассивный барьер, часто недостаточна эффективна для предотвращения порчи, и удовлетворения потребительского спроса на свежие, безопасные и минимально обработанные пищевые продукты. Активная упаковка на основе наноматериалов предлагает многообещающее решение, причём диоксид циркония (ZrO2) становится всё более привлекательным вариантом. ZrO2 сочетает в себе высокую механическую прочность, химическую инертность и термическую стабильность наряду с биоактивными функциями, благоприятными для сохранения пищевых продуктов. При включении в полимерные матрицы ZrO2 проявляет антимикробную активность за счёт образования активных форм кислорода и разрушения мембран, антиоксидантную активность за счёт ограничения диффузии кислорода и захвата свободных радикалов, а также улучшает барьерные свойства упаковки за счёт снижения газопроницаемости. Эти механизмы в совокупности замедляют рост микроорганизмов, окисление липидов и нежелательные изменения цвета, вкуса и текстуры. Экспериментальные исследования подтверждают, что пленки и покрытия, содержащие ZrO2, способны продлить срок хранения скоропортящихся продуктов, включая мясо, молочные продукты, масла, и свежие овощи и фрукты, сохраняя при этом оптическую прозрачность и прочность материала. Важно отметить, что ZrO2, как правило, демонстрирует низкую степень миграции при стандартных условиях хранения пищевых продуктов, хотя применение наноматериалов требует комплексной токсикологической оценки и нормативного контроля. Помимо своих функциональных свойств, ZrO2 способствует достижению целей экологичности и неистощающего производства в сочетании с биоразлагаемыми полимерами, такими как полилактид (PLA), поливиниловый спирт (PVA), хитозан или целлюлоза. В целом, ZrO2 обеспечивает сбалансированное сочетание эффективности, стабильности и безопасности, что делает его перспективным компонентом нового поколения экологически безопасных систем активной упаковки для пищевых продуктов с «чистой этикеткой».

ZrO2активная упаковкананоматериалыздоровье человекапродовольственная безопасностьZrO2active packagingnanomaterialshuman healthfood safetyДанная работа была проведена при поддержке Национального агентства исследований и инноваций (BRIN) и Индонезийским фондом целевого финансирования образования (LPDP) в рамках программы исследований и инноваций для передовой Индонезии (RIIM) – Конкурсная волна 7 (Указ № 61/II.7/HK/2024). Финансирующая организация не принимала участия в разработке исследования, сборе, анализе и интерпретации данных, а также в написании рукописи. Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность Национальному агентству исследований и инноваций (BRIN) и Индонезийскому фонду развития образования (LPDP) за финансовую поддержку в рамках Программы исследований и инноваций для передовой Индонезии (RIIM) – Конкурсная волна 7, предусмотренной Постановлением заместителя по научным исследованиям и содействиюThis work was supported by the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) through the RIIM Program – Competitive Wave 7 (Decree № 61/II.7/HK/2024). The funding body had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, or in writing the manuscript. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) for financial support through the Research and Innovation for Advanced Indonesia (RIIM) Program – Competitive Wave 7, as stipulated in the Decree of the Deputy for Research and Innovation Facilitation of BRIN № 61/II.7/HK/2024. The authors also acknowledge material and immaterial support from the Research Organization for Agriculture and Food (ORPP BRIN) and the valuable assistance of the Research Center for Mineral Technology, BRIN, in the preparation and completion of this manuscript. Collaborative contributions from Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) are gratefully appreciated.ReferencesPascall, M. A., DeAngelo, K., Richards, J., Arensberg, M. B. (2022). Role and importance of functional food packaging in specialized products for vulnerable populations: Implications for innovation and policy development for sustainability. Foods, 11(19), Article 3043. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193043.Pascall, M. A., DeAngelo, K., Richards, J., Arensberg, M. B. (2022). Role and importance of functional food packaging in specialized products for vulnerable populations: Implications for innovation and policy development for sustainability. Foods, 11(19), Article 3043. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193043.Jadhav, E. B., Sankhla, M. S., Bhat, R. A., Bhagat, D. S. (2021). Microplastics from food packaging: An overview of human consumption, health threats, and alternative solutions. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 16(1), Article 100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100608.Jadhav, E. B., Sankhla, M. S., Bhat, R. A., Bhagat, D. S. (2021). Microplastics from food packaging: An overview of human consumption, health threats, and alternative solutions. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 16(1), Article 100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100608.da Costa Monção, É., Grisi, C. V. B., de Moura Fernandes, J., Souza, P. S., de Souza, A. L. (2022). Active packaging for lipid foods and development challenges for marketing. Food Bioscience, 45(2), Article 101370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101370.da Costa Monção, É., Grisi, C. V. B., de Moura Fernandes, J., Souza, P. S., de Souza, A. L. (2022). Active packaging for lipid foods and development challenges for marketing. Food Bioscience, 45(2), Article 101370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101370.Mesías, F. J., Martín, A., Hernández, A. (2021). Consumers’ growing appetite for natural foods: Perceptions towards the use of natural preservatives in fresh fruit. Food Research International, 150(Part A), Article 110749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110749.Mesías, F. J., Martín, A., Hernández, A. (2021). Consumers’ growing appetite for natural foods: Perceptions towards the use of natural preservatives in fresh fruit. Food Research International, 150(Part A), Article 110749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110749.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2013). Food wastage footprint: Impacts on natural resources. Rome: FAO, 2013.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2013). Food wastage footprint: Impacts on natural resources. Rome: FAO, 2013.Mafe, A. N., Edo, G. I., Makia, R. S., Joshua, O. A., Akpoghelie, P. O., Gaaz, T. S. et al. (2024). A review on food spoilage mechanisms, food borne diseases and commercial aspects of food preservation and processing. Food Chemistry Advances, 5, Article 100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100852.Mafe, A. N., Edo, G. I., Makia, R. S., Joshua, O. A., Akpoghelie, P. O., Gaaz, T. S. et al. (2024). A review on food spoilage mechanisms, food borne diseases and commercial aspects of food preservation and processing. Food Chemistry Advances, 5, Article 100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100852.Guzik, P., Szymkowiak, A., Kulawik, P., Zając, M. (2022). Consumer attitudes towards food preservation methods. Foods, 11(9), Article 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091349.Guzik, P., Szymkowiak, A., Kulawik, P., Zając, M. (2022). Consumer attitudes towards food preservation methods. Foods, 11(9), Article 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091349.Szczyglewska, P., Feliczak-Guzik, A., Nowak, I. (2023). Nanotechnology — General aspects: A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Molecules, 28(13), Article 4932. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134932.Szczyglewska, P., Feliczak-Guzik, A., Nowak, I. (2023). Nanotechnology — General aspects: A chemical reduction approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Molecules, 28(13), Article 4932. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134932.Petousis, M., Moutsopoulou, A., Korlos, A., Papadakis, V., Mountakis, N., Tsikritzis, D. et al. (2023). The effect of nano zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)-optimized content in polyamide 12 (PA12) and polylactic acid (PLA) matrices on their thermomechanical response in 3D printing. Nanomaterials, 13(13), Article 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131906.Petousis, M., Moutsopoulou, A., Korlos, A., Papadakis, V., Mountakis, N., Tsikritzis, D. et al. (2023). The effect of nano zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)-optimized content in polyamide 12 (PA12) and polylactic acid (PLA) matrices on their thermomechanical response in 3D printing. Nanomaterials, 13(13), Article 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131906.Pandian, A. P. G., Ramachandran, A. K., Pitchumani, P. K., Mathai, B., Thomas, D. C. (2024). Anti-bacterial efficacy of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. Cureus, 16(12), Article e75421. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.75421.Pandian, A. P. G., Ramachandran, A. K., Pitchumani, P. K., Mathai, B., Thomas, D. C. (2024). Anti-bacterial efficacy of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. Cureus, 16(12), Article e75421. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.75421.Fathima, J. B., Pugazhendhi, A., Venis, R. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of ZrO2 nanoparticles-antimicrobial activity and their prospective role in dental care. Microbial Pathogenesis, 110(1), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.039.Fathima, J. B., Pugazhendhi, A., Venis, R. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of ZrO2 nanoparticles-antimicrobial activity and their prospective role in dental care. Microbial Pathogenesis, 110(1), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.039.Bannunah, A. M. (2023). Biomedical applications of zirconia-based nanomaterials: Challenges and future perspectives. Molecules, 28(14), Article 5428. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145428.Bannunah, A. M. (2023). Biomedical applications of zirconia-based nanomaterials: Challenges and future perspectives. Molecules, 28(14), Article 5428. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145428.Zhao, X.-S., Shang, S.-L., Liu, Z.-K., Shen, J.-Y. (2011). Elastic properties of cubic, tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 from first-principles calculations. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 415(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.05.016.Zhao, X.-S., Shang, S.-L., Liu, Z.-K., Shen, J.-Y. (2011). Elastic properties of cubic, tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 from first-principles calculations. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 415(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.05.016.Kondo, T., Muta, H., Kurosaki, K., Kargl, F., Yamaji, A., Furuya, M. et al. (2019). Density and viscosity of liquid ZrO2 measured by aerodynamic levitation technique. Heliyon, 5(7), Article e02049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02049.Kondo, T., Muta, H., Kurosaki, K., Kargl, F., Yamaji, A., Furuya, M. et al. (2019). Density and viscosity of liquid ZrO2 measured by aerodynamic levitation technique. Heliyon, 5(7), Article e02049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02049.Paidari, S., Tahergorabi, R., Anari, E. S., Nafchi, A. M., Zamindar, N., Goli, M. (2021). Migration of various nanoparticles into food samples: A review. Foods, 10(9), Article 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092114.Paidari, S., Tahergorabi, R., Anari, E. S., Nafchi, A. M., Zamindar, N., Goli, M. (2021). Migration of various nanoparticles into food samples: A review. Foods, 10(9), Article 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092114.Yang, C., Liu, X. (2025). Research progress on the sintering techniques of zirconia in prosthetic dentistry. Ceramics, 8(3), Article 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030118.Yang, C., Liu, X. (2025). Research progress on the sintering techniques of zirconia in prosthetic dentistry. Ceramics, 8(3), Article 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030118.Basu, B., Vleugels, J., Van Der Biest, O. (2004). Transformation behaviour of tetragonal zirconia: Role of dopant content and distribution. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 366(2), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.063.Basu, B., Vleugels, J., Van Der Biest, O. (2004). Transformation behaviour of tetragonal zirconia: Role of dopant content and distribution. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 366(2), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.063.Feng, P., Shi, Y., Shang, P., Peng, T., Feng, R., Li, B. et al. (2023). Study of ZrO2 content on hardness and wear characteristic of coatings. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2437(1), Article 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2437/1/012034.Feng, P., Shi, Y., Shang, P., Peng, T., Feng, R., Li, B. et al. (2023). Study of ZrO2 content on hardness and wear characteristic of coatings. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2437(1), Article 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2437/1/012034.Petriceanu, M., Ioniță, F. G., Piticescu, R. R., Nicoară, A. I., Matei, A. C., Ioța, M. A. et al. (2024). Effect of doping ZrO2 on structural and thermal properties. Inorganics, 12(11), Article 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12110290.Petriceanu, M., Ioniță, F. G., Piticescu, R. R., Nicoară, A. I., Matei, A. C., Ioța, M. A. et al. (2024). Effect of doping ZrO2 on structural and thermal properties. Inorganics, 12(11), Article 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12110290.Matei, E., Șăulean, A.-A., Petriceanu, M., Râpă, M., Piticescu, R. R., Ștefănoiu, R. et al. (2024). Environmental sustainability based on zirconium dioxide utilization in non-conventional energy applications. Environments, 11(12), Article 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11120265.Matei, E., Șăulean, A.-A., Petriceanu, M., Râpă, M., Piticescu, R. R., Ștefănoiu, R. et al. (2024). Environmental sustainability based on zirconium dioxide utilization in non-conventional energy applications. Environments, 11(12), Article 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11120265.Navío, J. A., Hidalgo, M. C., Colón, G., Botta, S. G., Litter, M. I. (2001). Preparation and physicochemical properties of ZrO2 and Fe/ZrO2 prepared by a sol-gel technique. Langmuir, 17(1), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1021/la000897d.Navío, J. A., Hidalgo, M. C., Colón, G., Botta, S. G., Litter, M. I. (2001). Preparation and physicochemical properties of ZrO2 and Fe/ZrO2 prepared by a sol-gel technique. Langmuir, 17(1), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1021/la000897d.Thamir, A. A., Jubier, N. J., Odah, J. F. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of zirconium oxide nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2114(1), Article 012058. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012058.Thamir, A. A., Jubier, N. J., Odah, J. F. (2021). Antimicrobial activity of zirconium oxide nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2114(1), Article 012058. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012058.Qi, B., Liang, S., Li, Y., Zhou, C., Yu, H., Li, J. (2022). ZrO2 matrix toughened ceramic material — Strength and toughness. Advanced Engineering Materials, 24(6), Article 2101278. http://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101278.Qi, B., Liang, S., Li, Y., Zhou, C., Yu, H., Li, J. (2022). ZrO2 matrix toughened ceramic material — Strength and toughness. Advanced Engineering Materials, 24(6), Article 2101278. http://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101278.Zidan, S., Silikas, N., Alhotan, A., Haider, J., Yates, J. (2019). Investigating the mechanical properties of ZrO2-impregnated PMMA nanocomposite for denture-based applications. Materials, 12(8), Article 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081344.Zidan, S., Silikas, N., Alhotan, A., Haider, J., Yates, J. (2019). Investigating the mechanical properties of ZrO2-impregnated PMMA nanocomposite for denture-based applications. Materials, 12(8), Article 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081344.Pathak, B., Maskey, B., Bhochhibhoya, A., Devkota, D. (2022). Transformationtoughened zirconia: An overview. Journal of Nepalese Prosthodontic Society, 5(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnprossoc.v5i1.53394.Pathak, B., Maskey, B., Bhochhibhoya, A., Devkota, D. (2022). Transformationtoughened zirconia: An overview. Journal of Nepalese Prosthodontic Society, 5(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnprossoc.v5i1.53394.Zhu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Ma, D., Guo, Z., Zhang, G. et al. (2024). High transmittance and ultra-low thermal conductivity ZrO2 aerogel via zirconium hydroxyacetate precursor. Ceramics International, 50(3), 4423–4432. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.11.153.Zhu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Ma, D., Guo, Z., Zhang, G. et al. (2024). High transmittance and ultra-low thermal conductivity ZrO2 aerogel via zirconium hydroxyacetate precursor. Ceramics International, 50(3), 4423–4432. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.11.153.Alshammari, K., Atta, A., Alshammari, M., Alhassan, S., Alshammari, A. H. (2025). Impact of ZrO2 nanoparticles on surface, thermal, and structural properties of PVA/ZrO2 composite films for advanced flexible electronics applications. Surfaces and Interfaces, 59(1), Article 105964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2025.105964.Alshammari, K., Atta, A., Alshammari, M., Alhassan, S., Alshammari, A. H. (2025). Impact of ZrO2 nanoparticles on surface, thermal, and structural properties of PVA/ZrO2 composite films for advanced flexible electronics applications. Surfaces and Interfaces, 59(1), Article 105964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2025.105964.Peuchert, U., Okano, Y., Menke, Y., Reichel, S., Ikesue, A. (2009). Transparent cubic-ZrO2 ceramics for application as optical lenses. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 29(2), 283–291. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.03.028.Peuchert, U., Okano, Y., Menke, Y., Reichel, S., Ikesue, A. (2009). Transparent cubic-ZrO2 ceramics for application as optical lenses. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 29(2), 283–291. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.03.028.Masheder, B., Urata, C., Hozumi, A. (2013). Transparent and hard zirconia-based hybrid coatings with excellent dynamic/thermoresponsive oleophobicity, thermal durability, and hydrolytic stability. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 5(16), 7899–7905. https://doi.org/10.1021/am401992h.Masheder, B., Urata, C., Hozumi, A. (2013). Transparent and hard zirconia-based hybrid coatings with excellent dynamic/thermoresponsive oleophobicity, thermal durability, and hydrolytic stability. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 5(16), 7899–7905. https://doi.org/10.1021/am401992h.Kong, L., Karatchevtseva, I., Wei, T., Veliscek-Carolan, J. (2024). Synthesis of mesoporous tetragonal ZrO2, TiO2 and solid solutions and effect of colloidal silica on porosity. Molecules, 29(14), Article 3278. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143278.Kong, L., Karatchevtseva, I., Wei, T., Veliscek-Carolan, J. (2024). Synthesis of mesoporous tetragonal ZrO2, TiO2 and solid solutions and effect of colloidal silica on porosity. Molecules, 29(14), Article 3278. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143278.Jiang, G., Xu, D., Liu, J., Yang, J., Li, Y., Kuang, W. (2024). Corrosion protection and failure mechanism of ZrO2 coating on zirconium alloy Zry‑4 under varied LiOH concentrations in lithiated water at 360 °C/18.5 MPa. Applied Surface Science, 650(1), Article 159173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.159173.Jiang, G., Xu, D., Liu, J., Yang, J., Li, Y., Kuang, W. (2024). Corrosion protection and failure mechanism of ZrO2 coating on zirconium alloy Zry‑4 under varied LiOH concentrations in lithiated water at 360 °C/18.5 MPa. Applied Surface Science, 650(1), Article 159173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.159173.Qiu, L., Guzonas, D. A., Webb, D. G. (2009). Zirconium dioxide solubility in high temperature aqueous solutions. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 38(1), 857–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-009-9412-5.Qiu, L., Guzonas, D. A., Webb, D. G. (2009). Zirconium dioxide solubility in high temperature aqueous solutions. Journal of Solution Chemistry, 38(1), 857–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-009-9412-5.Tellez-Barrios, G., Cadenas-Pliego, G., Toledo-Manuel, I., Pérez-Alvarez, M., Alvarado- Canche, C. N., Mancillas-Salas, S. et al. (2025). Surface modification of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles with organic acids and ultrasound to enhance antibacterial activity. Materials, 18(12), Article 2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122786.Tellez-Barrios, G., Cadenas-Pliego, G., Toledo-Manuel, I., Pérez-Alvarez, M., Alvarado- Canche, C. N., Mancillas-Salas, S. et al. (2025). Surface modification of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles with organic acids and ultrasound to enhance antibacterial activity. Materials, 18(12), Article 2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122786.Mallakpour, S., Ezhieh, A. N. (2017). Polymer nanocomposites based on modified ZrO2 NPs and poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blend: Optical, morphological, and thermal properties. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 56(10), 1136–1145. http://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1253741.Mallakpour, S., Ezhieh, A. N. (2017). Polymer nanocomposites based on modified ZrO2 NPs and poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blend: Optical, morphological, and thermal properties. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 56(10), 1136–1145. http://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1253741.Song, T., Qian, S., Lan, T., Wu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, H. (2022). Recent advances in biobased smart active packaging materials. Foods, 11(15), Article 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152228.Song, T., Qian, S., Lan, T., Wu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, H. (2022). Recent advances in biobased smart active packaging materials. Foods, 11(15), Article 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152228.Radu (Dusman), R.-D., Drăgănescu, D. (2023). Present and future of ZrO2 nanostructure as reservoir for drug loading and release. Coatings, 13(7), Article 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071273.Radu (Dusman), R.-D., Drăgănescu, D. (2023). Present and future of ZrO2 nanostructure as reservoir for drug loading and release. Coatings, 13(7), Article 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071273.Singh, P. V., Reche, A., Paul, P., Agarwal, S. (2023). Zirconia facts and perspectives for biomaterials in dental implantology. Cureus, 15(10), Article e46828. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46828.Singh, P. V., Reche, A., Paul, P., Agarwal, S. (2023). Zirconia facts and perspectives for biomaterials in dental implantology. Cureus, 15(10), Article e46828. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46828.Hichem, N., Hadjer, Z., Fateh, S., Feriel, L., Wang, Z. (2022). The potential exposure and hazards of zirconia nanoparticles: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination, 17(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2022.01.01.Hichem, N., Hadjer, Z., Fateh, S., Feriel, L., Wang, Z. (2022). The potential exposure and hazards of zirconia nanoparticles: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination, 17(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2022.01.01.Ayanwale, A. P., Reyes-López, S. Y. (2019). ZrO2-ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial agents. ACS Omega, 4(21), 19216–19224. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02527.Ayanwale, A. P., Reyes-López, S. Y. (2019). ZrO2-ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial agents. ACS Omega, 4(21), 19216–19224. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02527.Li, Q., Deacon, A. D., Coleman, N. J. (2013). The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the hydration chemistry and biocompatibility of white Portland cement. Dental Materials Journal, 32(5), 808–815. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-113.Li, Q., Deacon, A. D., Coleman, N. J. (2013). The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the hydration chemistry and biocompatibility of white Portland cement. Dental Materials Journal, 32(5), 808–815. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-113.Tran, T. V., Nguyen, D. T. C., Kumar, P. S., Din, A. T. M., Jalil, A. A., Vo, D.-V. N. (2022). Green synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and nanocomposites for biomedical and environmental applications: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(2), 1309–1331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01367-9.Tran, T. V., Nguyen, D. T. C., Kumar, P. S., Din, A. T. M., Jalil, A. A., Vo, D.-V. N. (2022). Green synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and nanocomposites for biomedical and environmental applications: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 20(2), 1309–1331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01367-9.Hardy, A., Benford, D., Halldorsson, T., Jeger, M. J., Knutsen, H. K., More, S. et al. (2018). Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain: Part 1, human and animal health. EFSA Journal, 16(7), Article e05327. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5327.Hardy, A., Benford, D., Halldorsson, T., Jeger, M. J., Knutsen, H. K., More, S. et al. (2018). Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain: Part 1, human and animal health. EFSA Journal, 16(7), Article e05327. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5327.Ashfaq, A., Khursheed, N., Fatima, S., Anjum, Z., Younis, K. (2022). Application of nanotechnology in food packaging: Pros and cons. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 7(1), Article 100270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100270.Ashfaq, A., Khursheed, N., Fatima, S., Anjum, Z., Younis, K. (2022). Application of nanotechnology in food packaging: Pros and cons. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 7(1), Article 100270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100270.Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y. (2023). Latest advances in active materials for food packaging and their application. Foods, 12(22), Article 4055. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12224055.Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y. (2023). Latest advances in active materials for food packaging and their application. Foods, 12(22), Article 4055. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12224055.Anucha, C. B., Altin, I., Bacaksiz, E., Stathopoulos, V. N. (2022). Titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalyst materials activity enhancement for contaminants of emerging concern degradation: In the light of modification strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 10(1), Article 100262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100262.Anucha, C. B., Altin, I., Bacaksiz, E., Stathopoulos, V. N. (2022). Titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalyst materials activity enhancement for contaminants of emerging concern degradation: In the light of modification strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 10(1), Article 100262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100262.Li, J., Zhang, D., Hou, C. (2025). Application of nano-titanium dioxide in food antibacterial packaging materials. Bioengineering, 12(1), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010019.Li, J., Zhang, D., Hou, C. (2025). Application of nano-titanium dioxide in food antibacterial packaging materials. Bioengineering, 12(1), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010019.Darré, M., Vicente, A. R., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Artés-Hernández, F. (2022). Postharvest ultraviolet radiation in fruit and vegetables: Applications and factors modulating its efficacy on bioactive compounds and microbial growth. Foods, 11(5), Article 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050653.Darré, M., Vicente, A. R., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Artés-Hernández, F. (2022). Postharvest ultraviolet radiation in fruit and vegetables: Applications and factors modulating its efficacy on bioactive compounds and microbial growth. Foods, 11(5), Article 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050653.Pirzada, B. M., Mir, N. A., Qutub, N., Mehraj, O., Sabir, S., Muneer, M. (2015). Synthesis, characterization and optimization of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 /ZrO2 nanocomposite heterostructures. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 193(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2014.12.005.Pirzada, B. M., Mir, N. A., Qutub, N., Mehraj, O., Sabir, S., Muneer, M. (2015). Synthesis, characterization and optimization of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 /ZrO2 nanocomposite heterostructures. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 193(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2014.12.005.Giedraitienė, A., Ružauskas, M., Šiugždinienė, R., Tučkutė, S., Grigonis, K., Milčius, D. (2024). ZnO nanoparticles enhance the antimicrobial properties of two-sided-coated cotton textile. Nanomaterials, 14(15), Article 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14151264.Giedraitienė, A., Ružauskas, M., Šiugždinienė, R., Tučkutė, S., Grigonis, K., Milčius, D. (2024). ZnO nanoparticles enhance the antimicrobial properties of two-sided-coated cotton textile. Nanomaterials, 14(15), Article 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14151264.Šutka, A., Mežule, L., Denisova, V., Meier-Haack, J., Kulkarni, A., Bitina, S. et al. (2022). Straightforward approach for preparing durable antibacterial ZnO nanoparticle coatings on flexible substrates. Molecules, 27(22), Article 7672. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227672.Šutka, A., Mežule, L., Denisova, V., Meier-Haack, J., Kulkarni, A., Bitina, S. et al. (2022). Straightforward approach for preparing durable antibacterial ZnO nanoparticle coatings on flexible substrates. Molecules, 27(22), Article 7672. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227672.Perumal, M. K. K., Rajasekaran, M. B. S., Renuka, R. R., Samrot, A. V., Nagarajan, M. (2025). Zinc oxide nanoparticles and their nanocomposites as an imperative coating for smart food packaging. Applied Food Research, 5(1), Article 100849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100849.Perumal, M. K. K., Rajasekaran, M. B. S., Renuka, R. R., Samrot, A. V., Nagarajan, M. (2025). Zinc oxide nanoparticles and their nanocomposites as an imperative coating for smart food packaging. Applied Food Research, 5(1), Article 100849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100849.Lebaka, V. R., Ravi, P., Reddy, M. C., Thummala, C., Mandal, T. K. (2025). Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern science and technology: Multifunctional roles in healthcare, environmental remediation, and industry. Nanomaterials, 15(10), Article 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100754.Lebaka, V. R., Ravi, P., Reddy, M. C., Thummala, C., Mandal, T. K. (2025). Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern science and technology: Multifunctional roles in healthcare, environmental remediation, and industry. Nanomaterials, 15(10), Article 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100754.Ayanwale, A. P., Ruíz-Baltazar, A. J., Espinoza-Cristóbal, L., Reyes-López, S. Y. (2020). Bactericidal activity study of ZrO2-Ag2O nanoparticles. Dose Response, 18(3), Article 1559325820941374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325820941374.Ayanwale, A. P., Ruíz-Baltazar, A. J., Espinoza-Cristóbal, L., Reyes-López, S. Y. (2020). Bactericidal activity study of ZrO2-Ag2O nanoparticles. Dose Response, 18(3), Article 1559325820941374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325820941374.Jangid, H., Singh, S., Kashyap, P., Singh, A., Kumar, G. (2024). Advancing biomedical applications: An in-depth analysis of silver nanoparticles in antimicrobial, anticancer, and wound healing roles. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15(1), Article 1438227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1438227.Jangid, H., Singh, S., Kashyap, P., Singh, A., Kumar, G. (2024). Advancing biomedical applications: An in-depth analysis of silver nanoparticles in antimicrobial, anticancer, and wound healing roles. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15(1), Article 1438227. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1438227.Xu, L., Wang, Y. -Y., Huang, J., Chen, C. -Y., Wang, Z. -X., Xie, H. (2020). Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety. Theranostics, 10(20), 8996–9031. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.45413.Xu, L., Wang, Y. -Y., Huang, J., Chen, C. -Y., Wang, Z. -X., Xie, H. (2020). Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, medical applications and biosafety. Theranostics, 10(20), 8996–9031. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.45413.Abdelmoneim, H. M., Taha, T. H., Alhudhaibi, A. M., Afifi, F. M., Faqihi, A. A., Alsalamah, S. A. et al. (2025). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and polymeric nanofiber composites: Fabrications, mechanisms, and applications. Polymers, 17(17), Article 2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172327.Abdelmoneim, H. M., Taha, T. H., Alhudhaibi, A. M., Afifi, F. M., Faqihi, A. A., Alsalamah, S. A. et al. (2025). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and polymeric nanofiber composites: Fabrications, mechanisms, and applications. Polymers, 17(17), Article 2327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172327.Harun-Ur-Rashid, M., Foyez, T., Krishna, S. B. N., Poda, S., Imran, A. B. (2025). Recent advances of silver nanoparticle-based polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications. RSC Advances, 15(11), 8480–8505. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra08220f.Harun-Ur-Rashid, M., Foyez, T., Krishna, S. B. N., Poda, S., Imran, A. B. (2025). Recent advances of silver nanoparticle-based polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications. RSC Advances, 15(11), 8480–8505. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra08220f.Sobańska, K., Pietrzyk, P., Sojka, Z. (2017). Generation of reactive oxygen species via electroprotic interaction of H2O2 with ZrO2 gel: Ionic sponge effect and pHswitchable peroxidase- and catalase-like activity. ACS Catalysis, 7(4), 2935–2947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00189.Sobańska, K., Pietrzyk, P., Sojka, Z. (2017). Generation of reactive oxygen species via electroprotic interaction of H2O2 with ZrO2 gel: Ionic sponge effect and pHswitchable peroxidase- and catalase-like activity. ACS Catalysis, 7(4), 2935–2947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00189.Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K. et al. (2023). Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives of Toxicology, 97(10), 2499–2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9.Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K. et al. (2023). Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives of Toxicology, 97(10), 2499–2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9.Pandian, A. P. G., Ramachandran, A. K., Pitchumani, P. K., Mathai, B., Thomas, D. C. (2025). Evaluation of anti-biofilm property of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. Cureus, 17(1), Article e77199. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.77199.Pandian, A. P. G., Ramachandran, A. K., Pitchumani, P. K., Mathai, B., Thomas, D. C. (2025). Evaluation of anti-biofilm property of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study. Cureus, 17(1), Article e77199. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.77199.Jangra, S. L., Stalin, K., Dilbaghi, N., Kumar, S., Tawale, J., Singh, S. P. et al. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles and zirconium complexes. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 12(9), 7105–7112. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6574.Jangra, S. L., Stalin, K., Dilbaghi, N., Kumar, S., Tawale, J., Singh, S. P. et al. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles and zirconium complexes. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 12(9), 7105–7112. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.6574.Agarwalla, A., Ahmed, W., Al-Marzouqi, A. H., Rizvi, T. A., Khan, M., Zaneldin, E. (2023). Characteristics and key features of antimicrobial materials and associated mechanisms for diverse applications. Molecules, 28(24), Article 8041. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248041.Agarwalla, A., Ahmed, W., Al-Marzouqi, A. H., Rizvi, T. A., Khan, M., Zaneldin, E. (2023). Characteristics and key features of antimicrobial materials and associated mechanisms for diverse applications. Molecules, 28(24), Article 8041. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248041.Tabassum, N., Kumar, D., Verma, D., Bohara, R. A., Singh, M. P. (2021). Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles from antibacterial activity to cytotoxicity: A nextgeneration of multifunctional nanoparticles. Materials Today Communications, 26(12), Article 102156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102156.Tabassum, N., Kumar, D., Verma, D., Bohara, R. A., Singh, M. P. (2021). Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles from antibacterial activity to cytotoxicity: A nextgeneration of multifunctional nanoparticles. Materials Today Communications, 26(12), Article 102156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102156.Narasaiah, B. P., Koppala, S., Kar, P., Lokesh, B., Mandal, B. K. (2022). Photocatalytic and antioxidant studies of bioinspired ZrO2 nanoparticles using agriculture waste durva grass aqueous extracts. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7(1), Article 100112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100112.Narasaiah, B. P., Koppala, S., Kar, P., Lokesh, B., Mandal, B. K. (2022). Photocatalytic and antioxidant studies of bioinspired ZrO2 nanoparticles using agriculture waste durva grass aqueous extracts. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7(1), Article 100112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100112.Geng, L., Liu, K., Zhang, H. (2023). Lipid oxidation in foods and its implications on proteins. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10(1), Article 1192199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1192199.Geng, L., Liu, K., Zhang, H. (2023). Lipid oxidation in foods and its implications on proteins. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10(1), Article 1192199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1192199.Prusty, G., Swain, S. K. (2013). Dispersion of ZrO2 nanoparticles in polyacrylonitrile: Preparation of thermally-resistant electrically-conductive oxygen barrier nanocomposites. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 16(6), 2039–2043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2013.07.033.Prusty, G., Swain, S. K. (2013). Dispersion of ZrO2 nanoparticles in polyacrylonitrile: Preparation of thermally-resistant electrically-conductive oxygen barrier nanocomposites. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 16(6), 2039–2043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2013.07.033.Sciti, D., Brach, M., Bellosi, A. (2005). Long-term oxidation behavior and mechanical strength degradation of a pressurelessly sintered ZrB2-MoSi2 ceramic. Scripta Materialia, 53(11), 1297–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.07.026.Sciti, D., Brach, M., Bellosi, A. (2005). Long-term oxidation behavior and mechanical strength degradation of a pressurelessly sintered ZrB2-MoSi2 ceramic. Scripta Materialia, 53(11), 1297–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.07.026.Ansorena, D., Ramírez, R., de Cerain, A. L., Azqueta, A., Astiasaran, I. (2023). Oxidative stability and genotoxic activity of vegetable oils subjected to accelerated oxidation and cooking conditions. Foods, 12(11), Article 2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112186.Ansorena, D., Ramírez, R., de Cerain, A. L., Azqueta, A., Astiasaran, I. (2023). Oxidative stability and genotoxic activity of vegetable oils subjected to accelerated oxidation and cooking conditions. Foods, 12(11), Article 2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112186.Scholz, S., Kaskel, S. (2008). Surface functionalization of ZrO2 nanocrystallites for the integration into acrylate nanocomposite films. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 323(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.03.051.Scholz, S., Kaskel, S. (2008). Surface functionalization of ZrO2 nanocrystallites for the integration into acrylate nanocomposite films. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 323(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.03.051.Martemucci, G., Costagliola, C., Mariano, M., D’Andrea, L., Napolitano, P., D’Alessandro, A. G. (2022). Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen, 2(2), 48–78. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen2020006.Martemucci, G., Costagliola, C., Mariano, M., D’Andrea, L., Napolitano, P., D’Alessandro, A. G. (2022). Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen, 2(2), 48–78. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen2020006.Simon, S. M., Chandran, A., George, G., Sajna, M. S., Valparambil, P., Kumi-Barmiah, E. et al. (2018). Development of thick superhydrophilic TiO2-ZrO2 transparent coatings realized through the inclusion of poly(methyl methacrylate) and Pluronic-F127. ACS Omega, 3(11), 14924–14932. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01940.Simon, S. M., Chandran, A., George, G., Sajna, M. S., Valparambil, P., Kumi-Barmiah, E. et al. (2018). Development of thick superhydrophilic TiO2-ZrO2 transparent coatings realized through the inclusion of poly(methyl methacrylate) and Pluronic-F127. ACS Omega, 3(11), 14924–14932. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01940.Hassan, N. S., Jalil, A. A., Khusnun, N. F., Bahari, M. B., Hussain, I., Firmansyah, M. L. et al. (2023). Extra-modification of zirconium dioxide for potential photocatalytic applications towards environmental remediation: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Management, 327(1), Article 116869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116869.Hassan, N. S., Jalil, A. A., Khusnun, N. F., Bahari, M. B., Hussain, I., Firmansyah, M. L. et al. (2023). Extra-modification of zirconium dioxide for potential photocatalytic applications towards environmental remediation: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Management, 327(1), Article 116869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116869.Bouras, D., Fellah, M., Barille, R., Zerouali, M., Hambli, N., El-Hiti, G. A. (2025). Comparative study of zirconium-zinc oxide thin films on ceramic and glass substrates: Structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 171(1), Article 113561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113561.Bouras, D., Fellah, M., Barille, R., Zerouali, M., Hambli, N., El-Hiti, G. A. (2025). Comparative study of zirconium-zinc oxide thin films on ceramic and glass substrates: Structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 171(1), Article 113561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.113561.Babatunde, E. O., Aderibigbe, F. A., Joseph, I. A., Are, C. T., Paul-Lasisi, J. O. (2022). Synthesis of zirconium oxide catalyst supported on carbonized material for the optimization of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Southern Journal of Sciences, 30(33), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.48141/SJS.v30.n33.2022.05_BABATUNDE_pgs_18_27.pdf.Babatunde, E. O., Aderibigbe, F. A., Joseph, I. A., Are, C. T., Paul-Lasisi, J. O. (2022). Synthesis of zirconium oxide catalyst supported on carbonized material for the optimization of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Southern Journal of Sciences, 30(33), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.48141/SJS.v30.n33.2022.05_BABATUNDE_pgs_18_27.pdf.Andiyappan, K., Ramalingam, S. (2024). Intensification of bio-synthesis of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles derived from novel Crescentia cujete fruits: Effects on diesel engine characteristics powered by waste engine oil methyl ester-diesel blend. Chemical Engineering and Processing — Process Intensification, 195(1), Article 109642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2023.109642.Andiyappan, K., Ramalingam, S. (2024). Intensification of bio-synthesis of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles derived from novel Crescentia cujete fruits: Effects on diesel engine characteristics powered by waste engine oil methyl ester-diesel blend. Chemical Engineering and Processing — Process Intensification, 195(1), Article 109642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2023.109642.Deshmane, V. G., Adewuyi, Y. G. (2012). Synthesis of thermally stable, high surface area, nanocrystalline mesoporous tetragonal zirconium dioxide (ZrO2): Effects of different process parameters. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 148(1), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.07.012.Deshmane, V. G., Adewuyi, Y. G. (2012). Synthesis of thermally stable, high surface area, nanocrystalline mesoporous tetragonal zirconium dioxide (ZrO2): Effects of different process parameters. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 148(1), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.07.012.Batista, R. V., Wanzeller, W. G., Lim, L.-T., Quast, E., Pinto, V. Z., de Menezes, V. M. (2022). Food packaging and its oxygen transfer models in active multilayer structures: A theoretical review. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting, 38(3), Article 875608792110704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87560879211070465.Batista, R. V., Wanzeller, W. G., Lim, L.-T., Quast, E., Pinto, V. Z., de Menezes, V. M. (2022). Food packaging and its oxygen transfer models in active multilayer structures: A theoretical review. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting, 38(3), Article 875608792110704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87560879211070465.Chęcińska, K., Chęciński, M., Sikora, M., Nowak, Z., Karwan, S., Chlubek, D. (2022). The effect of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles addition on the mechanical parameters of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Polymers, 14(5), Article 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051047.Chęcińska, K., Chęciński, M., Sikora, M., Nowak, Z., Karwan, S., Chlubek, D. (2022). The effect of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles addition on the mechanical parameters of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Polymers, 14(5), Article 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051047.Brossmann, U., Knoener, G., Schaefer, H.-E., Wuerschum, R. (2004). Oxygen diffusion in nanocrystalline ZrO2. ChemInform, 35(42). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200442249.Brossmann, U., Knoener, G., Schaefer, H.-E., Wuerschum, R. (2004). Oxygen diffusion in nanocrystalline ZrO2. ChemInform, 35(42). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200442249.Fabris, S., Paxton, A. T., Finnis, M. W. (2002). A stabilization mechanism of zirconia based on oxygen vacancies only. Acta Materialia, 50(20), 5171–5178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00385-3.Fabris, S., Paxton, A. T., Finnis, M. W. (2002). A stabilization mechanism of zirconia based on oxygen vacancies only. Acta Materialia, 50(20), 5171–5178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00385-3.Altaf, A. A., Badshaha, A., Khana, N., Ullah, S., Alia, S. (2011). Zirconium complexes in homogeneous ethylene polymerization. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 64(10), 1815–1836. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2011.568616.Altaf, A. A., Badshaha, A., Khana, N., Ullah, S., Alia, S. (2011). Zirconium complexes in homogeneous ethylene polymerization. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 64(10), 1815–1836. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2011.568616.Alonso-Salinas, R., López-Miranda, S., Pérez-López, A. J., Acosta-Motos, J. R. (2024). Strategies to delay ethylene-mediated ripening in climacteric fruits: Implications for shelf life extension and postharvest quality. Horticulturae, 10(8), Article 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080840.Alonso-Salinas, R., López-Miranda, S., Pérez-López, A. J., Acosta-Motos, J. R. (2024). Strategies to delay ethylene-mediated ripening in climacteric fruits: Implications for shelf life extension and postharvest quality. Horticulturae, 10(8), Article 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080840.Mope, C., Adegoroye, A., Oluwalade, T. A., Adeyelu, A. A. (2024). Ethylene management in fresh produce transport. Asian Journal of Food Research and Nutrition, 3(1), 60–71.Mope, C., Adegoroye, A., Oluwalade, T. A., Adeyelu, A. A. (2024). Ethylene management in fresh produce transport. Asian Journal of Food Research and Nutrition, 3(1), 60–71.Hussain, M. B., Ahmad, M., Cheng, X., Mehmood, R., Ajmal, Z., Hussain, S. et al. (2025). ZrO2 supported Pt nanoparticles for robust electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 106(1), 825–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.024.Hussain, M. B., Ahmad, M., Cheng, X., Mehmood, R., Ajmal, Z., Hussain, S. et al. (2025). ZrO2 supported Pt nanoparticles for robust electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 106(1), 825–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.024.Alfei, S., Schito, G. C., Schito, A. M., Zuccari, G. (2024). Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated antibacterial oxidative therapies: Available methods to generate ROS and a novel option proposal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), Article 7182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137182.Alfei, S., Schito, G. C., Schito, A. M., Zuccari, G. (2024). Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated antibacterial oxidative therapies: Available methods to generate ROS and a novel option proposal. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), Article 7182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137182.Shi, L. -E., Li, Z. -H., Zheng, W., Zhao, Y.- F., Jin, Y. -F., Tang, Z. -X. (2014). Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: A review. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A, 31(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.865147.Shi, L. -E., Li, Z. -H., Zheng, W., Zhao, Y.- F., Jin, Y. -F., Tang, Z. -X. (2014). Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: A review. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A, 31(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.865147.Wrońska, N., Katir, N., Miłowska, K., Hammi, N., Nowak, M., Kędzierska, M. et al. (2021). Antimicrobial effect of chitosan films on food spoilage bacteria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), Article 5839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115839.Wrońska, N., Katir, N., Miłowska, K., Hammi, N., Nowak, M., Kędzierska, M. et al. (2021). Antimicrobial effect of chitosan films on food spoilage bacteria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), Article 5839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115839.Domínguez, R., Pateiro, M., Gagaoua, M., Barba, F. J., Zhang, W., Lorenzo, J. M. (2019). A comprehensive review on lipid oxidation in meat and meat products. Antioxidants, 8(10), Article 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100429.Domínguez, R., Pateiro, M., Gagaoua, M., Barba, F. J., Zhang, W., Lorenzo, J. M. (2019). A comprehensive review on lipid oxidation in meat and meat products. Antioxidants, 8(10), Article 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100429.Gotoh, N., Wada, S. (2006). The importance of peroxide value in assessing food quality and food safety. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 83(5), 473–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-1229-4.Gotoh, N., Wada, S. (2006). The importance of peroxide value in assessing food quality and food safety. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 83(5), 473–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-1229-4.Mikus, M., Galus, S. (2025). Extending the shelf life of apples after harvest using edible coatings as active packaging — A review. Applied Sciences, 15(2), Article.Mikus, M., Galus, S. (2025). Extending the shelf life of apples after harvest using edible coatings as active packaging — A review. Applied Sciences, 15(2), Article.Hussien, Z. Y., Moften, A. Q., Abdulrehman, M. A. (2025). Review of zirconia (ZrO2) biomedical applications: Advanced manufacturing techniques and materials properties. Revue des Composites et des Matériaux Avancés — Journal of Composite and Advanced Materials, 35(2), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.350216.Hussien, Z. Y., Moften, A. Q., Abdulrehman, M. A. (2025). Review of zirconia (ZrO2) biomedical applications: Advanced manufacturing techniques and materials properties. Revue des Composites et des Matériaux Avancés — Journal of Composite and Advanced Materials, 35(2), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.350216.Özkan, Z., Çakır, B., Avşar, S. G., Olçay, E., Gökmen, U. (2024). Effect of ZrO2 on radiation permeability properties of polypropylene. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, 11(2), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1475116.Özkan, Z., Çakır, B., Avşar, S. G., Olçay, E., Gökmen, U. (2024). Effect of ZrO2 on radiation permeability properties of polypropylene. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, 11(2), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1475116.Stanicka, K., Dobrucka, R., Woźniak, M., Sip, A., Majka, J., Kozak, W. et al. (2021). The effect of chitosan type on biological and physicochemical properties of films with propolis extract. Polymers, 13(22), Article 3888. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223888.Stanicka, K., Dobrucka, R., Woźniak, M., Sip, A., Majka, J., Kozak, W. et al. (2021). The effect of chitosan type on biological and physicochemical properties of films with propolis extract. Polymers, 13(22), Article 3888. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223888.Dirpan, A., Hidayat, S. H. (2023). Quality and shelf-life evaluation of fresh beef stored in smart packaging. Foods, 12(2), Article 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020396.Dirpan, A., Hidayat, S. H. (2023). Quality and shelf-life evaluation of fresh beef stored in smart packaging. Foods, 12(2), Article 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020396.Asiltürk, M., Burunkaya, E., Sayılkan, F., Kiraz, N., Arpaç, E. (2011). Structural and optical properties of thin films prepared from surface modified ZrO2. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 357(1), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.09.034.Asiltürk, M., Burunkaya, E., Sayılkan, F., Kiraz, N., Arpaç, E. (2011). Structural and optical properties of thin films prepared from surface modified ZrO2. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 357(1), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.09.034.Chandrababu, V., Parameswaranpillai, J., Gopi, J. A., Pathak, C., Dominic, C. D. M., Feng, N. L. et al. (2024). Progress in food packaging applications of biopolymer-nanometal composites — A comprehensive review. Biomaterials Advances, 162(1), Article 213921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213921.Chandrababu, V., Parameswaranpillai, J., Gopi, J. A., Pathak, C., Dominic, C. D. M., Feng, N. L. et al. (2024). Progress in food packaging applications of biopolymer-nanometal composites — A comprehensive review. Biomaterials Advances, 162(1), Article 213921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213921.Valdez-Salas, B., Salvador-Carlos, J., Beltrán-Partida, E. A., Castillo-Sáenz, J., Chairez-González, J., Curiel-Álvarez, M. (2025). Zirconium nanostructures obtained from anodic synthesis by-products and their potential use in PVA-based coatings. Ceramics, 8(2), Article 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020074.Valdez-Salas, B., Salvador-Carlos, J., Beltrán-Partida, E. A., Castillo-Sáenz, J., Chairez-González, J., Curiel-Álvarez, M. (2025). Zirconium nanostructures obtained from anodic synthesis by-products and their potential use in PVA-based coatings. Ceramics, 8(2), Article 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020074.Nisha, U. M., Venkatesh, D., Vasanthan, S., Rajeswaran, P., Balaji, J., Karthik, P. S. (2025). Interfacial coupling effects of chitosan integrated ZrO2/Bi2O-/CeO2 quaternary composite for efficient wastewater treatment and antimicrobial activity. Ionics, 31(1), 2739–2756. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06095-6.Nisha, U. M., Venkatesh, D., Vasanthan, S., Rajeswaran, P., Balaji, J., Karthik, P. S. (2025). Interfacial coupling effects of chitosan integrated ZrO2/Bi2O-/CeO2 quaternary composite for efficient wastewater treatment and antimicrobial activity. Ionics, 31(1), 2739–2756. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-025-06095-6.Sundar, N., Srinivasan, A. K., Keerthana, P., Jayakaran, J. S. S., Govindaraj, A. K. (2021). Schiff’s base (SB) modified zirconium dioxide reinforced PLA bio-composite film for industrial packaging applications. Composites Communications, 25(1), Article 100750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100750.Sundar, N., Srinivasan, A. K., Keerthana, P., Jayakaran, J. S. S., Govindaraj, A. K. (2021). Schiff’s base (SB) modified zirconium dioxide reinforced PLA bio-composite film for industrial packaging applications. Composites Communications, 25(1), Article 100750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100750.Amin, F., Moin, S. F., Kumar, N., Asghar, M. A., Mahmood, S. J., Palma, P. J. (2025). The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the mechanical and physical properties of glass ionomer dental materials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(11), Article 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115382.Amin, F., Moin, S. F., Kumar, N., Asghar, M. A., Mahmood, S. J., Palma, P. J. (2025). The impact of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the mechanical and physical properties of glass ionomer dental materials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(11), Article 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115382.Yan, Y., Ma, Z., Sun, J., Bu, M., Huo, Y., Wang, Z. et al. (2021). Surface microstructure- controlled ZrO2 for highly sensitive room-temperature NO2 sensors. Nano Materials Science, 3(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.02.001Yan, Y., Ma, Z., Sun, J., Bu, M., Huo, Y., Wang, Z. et al. (2021). Surface microstructure- controlled ZrO2 for highly sensitive room-temperature NO2 sensors. Nano Materials Science, 3(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.02.001Khairy, Y., Abdel-Aziz, M. M., Algarni, H., Alshehri, A. M., Yahia, I. S., Ali, H. E. (2019). The optical characteristic of PVA composite films doped by ZrO2 for optoelectronic and block UV–Visible applications. Materials Research Express, 6(10), Article 115346. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4e34.Khairy, Y., Abdel-Aziz, M. M., Algarni, H., Alshehri, A. M., Yahia, I. S., Ali, H. E. (2019). The optical characteristic of PVA composite films doped by ZrO2 for optoelectronic and block UV–Visible applications. Materials Research Express, 6(10), Article 115346. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4e34.D’Almeida, A. P., de Albuquerque, T. L. (2024). Innovations in food packaging: From bio-based materials to smart packaging systems. Processes, 12(10), Article 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102085.D’Almeida, A. P., de Albuquerque, T. L. (2024). Innovations in food packaging: From bio-based materials to smart packaging systems. Processes, 12(10), Article 2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102085.Nabiyev, A. A., Olejniczak, A., Islamov, A. Kh., Pawlukojc, A., Ivankov, O. I., Balasoiu, M. et al. (2021). Composite films of HDPE with SiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles: The structure and interfacial effects. Nanomaterials, 11(10), Article 2673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102673.Nabiyev, A. A., Olejniczak, A., Islamov, A. Kh., Pawlukojc, A., Ivankov, O. I., Balasoiu, M. et al. (2021). Composite films of HDPE with SiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles: The structure and interfacial effects. Nanomaterials, 11(10), Article 2673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102673.Shao, L., Xi, Y., Weng, Y. (2022). Recent advances in PLA-based antibacterial food packaging and its applications. Molecules, 27(18), Article 5953. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185953.Shao, L., Xi, Y., Weng, Y. (2022). Recent advances in PLA-based antibacterial food packaging and its applications. Molecules, 27(18), Article 5953. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185953.Qu, T., Wang, X., Zhang, F. (2025). Antibacterial food packaging with chitosan and cellulose blends for food preservation. Polymers, 17(13), Article 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131850.Qu, T., Wang, X., Zhang, F. (2025). Antibacterial food packaging with chitosan and cellulose blends for food preservation. Polymers, 17(13), Article 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131850.Qu, X., Hu, Y., Xu, C., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Huang, Q. et al. (2024). Optical sensors of volatile organic compounds for non-invasive diagnosis of diseases. Chemical Engineering Journal, 485(1), Article 149804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149804.Qu, X., Hu, Y., Xu, C., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Huang, Q. et al. (2024). Optical sensors of volatile organic compounds for non-invasive diagnosis of diseases. Chemical Engineering Journal, 485(1), Article 149804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149804.Nguyen, L. B. T., Truc, N. T. T., Nguyen, N. T. T., Vu, D. K., Lee, B. -K. (2023). A regional approach for health risk assessment of toxicants in plastic food containers. Toxicological Research, 39(4), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0.Nguyen, L. B. T., Truc, N. T. T., Nguyen, N. T. T., Vu, D. K., Lee, B. -K. (2023). A regional approach for health risk assessment of toxicants in plastic food containers. Toxicological Research, 39(4), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0.Garanin, Y., Shakirzyanov, R., Borgekov, D., Kozlovskiy, A., Volodina, N., Shlimas, D. et al. (2024). Study of morphology, phase composition, optical properties, and thermal stability of hydrothermal zirconium dioxide synthesized at low temperatures. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 29398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80399-x.Garanin, Y., Shakirzyanov, R., Borgekov, D., Kozlovskiy, A., Volodina, N., Shlimas, D. et al. (2024). Study of morphology, phase composition, optical properties, and thermal stability of hydrothermal zirconium dioxide synthesized at low temperatures. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 29398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80399-x.Kroll, A., Dierker, C., Rommel, C., Hahn, D., Wohlleben, W., Schulze-Isfort, C. et al. (2011). Cytotoxicity screening of 23 engineered nanomaterials using a test matrix of ten cell lines and three different assays. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 8(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-8-9.Kroll, A., Dierker, C., Rommel, C., Hahn, D., Wohlleben, W., Schulze-Isfort, C. et al. (2011). Cytotoxicity screening of 23 engineered nanomaterials using a test matrix of ten cell lines and three different assays. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 8(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-8-9.Zhang, X. Q., Yin, L. H., Tang, M., Pu, Y. P. (2011). ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, and Al2O₃ nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 24(6), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2011.06.011.Zhang, X. Q., Yin, L. H., Tang, M., Pu, Y. P. (2011). ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, and Al2O₃ nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 24(6), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2011.06.011.Aati, S., Shrestha, B., Fawzy, A. (2022). Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficiency of ZrO2 nanoparticles reinforced 3D printed resins. Dental Materials, 38(8), 1432–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.030.Aati, S., Shrestha, B., Fawzy, A. (2022). Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficiency of ZrO2 nanoparticles reinforced 3D printed resins. Dental Materials, 38(8), 1432–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.030.Seref, N., Cufaoglu, G. (2025). Food packaging and chemical migration: A food safety perspective. Journal of Food Science, 90(5), Article e70265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.70265.Seref, N., Cufaoglu, G. (2025). Food packaging and chemical migration: A food safety perspective. Journal of Food Science, 90(5), Article e70265. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.70265.Hu, X., Lu, C., Tang, H., Pouri, H., Joulin, E., Zhang, J. (2023). Active food packaging made of biopolymer-based composites. Materials, 16(1), Article 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010279.Hu, X., Lu, C., Tang, H., Pouri, H., Joulin, E., Zhang, J. (2023). Active food packaging made of biopolymer-based composites. Materials, 16(1), Article 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010279.Mafe, A. N., Edo, G. I., Makia, R. S., Joshua, O. A., Akpoghelie, P. O., Gaaz, T. S. et al. (2024). A review on food spoilage mechanisms, food borne diseases and commercial aspects of food preservation and processing. Food Chemistry Advances, 5(1), Article 100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100852.Mafe, A. N., Edo, G. I., Makia, R. S., Joshua, O. A., Akpoghelie, P. O., Gaaz, T. S. et al. (2024). A review on food spoilage mechanisms, food borne diseases and commercial aspects of food preservation and processing. Food Chemistry Advances, 5(1), Article 100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100852.Lee, Y.-Y., Li, I.-C., Kogularasu, S., Huang, B.-W., Wang, Y.-F., Masimukku, S. et al. (2025). Advanced oxide-stabilized zirconia ceramics for flue gas filtration in air purification systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 17(1), Article 100539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100539.Lee, Y.-Y., Li, I.-C., Kogularasu, S., Huang, B.-W., Wang, Y.-F., Masimukku, S. et al. (2025). Advanced oxide-stabilized zirconia ceramics for flue gas filtration in air purification systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 17(1), Article 100539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100539.Vaiani, L., Boccaccio, A., Uva, A. E., Palumbo, G., Piccininni, A., Guglielmi, P. et al. (2023). Ceramic materials for biomedical applications: An overview on properties and fabrication processes. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 14(3), Article 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14030146.Vaiani, L., Boccaccio, A., Uva, A. E., Palumbo, G., Piccininni, A., Guglielmi, P. et al. (2023). Ceramic materials for biomedical applications: An overview on properties and fabrication processes. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 14(3), Article 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14030146.Wang, B. A., Wang, N., Yang, Y. J., Zhong, H., Ma, M. Z., Zhang, X. Y. et al. (2017). Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2 particle dispersion strengthened 16MnV steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 692(1), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.072.Wang, B. A., Wang, N., Yang, Y. J., Zhong, H., Ma, M. Z., Zhang, X. Y. et al. (2017). Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2 particle dispersion strengthened 16MnV steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 692(1), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.072.Petousis, M., Moutsopoulou, A., Korlos, A., Papadakis, V., Mountakis, N., Tsikritzis, D. et al. (2023). The effect of nano zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)-optimized content in polyamide 12 (PA12) and polylactic acid (PLA) matrices on their thermomechanical response in 3D printing. Nanomaterials, 13(13), Article 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131906.Petousis, M., Moutsopoulou, A., Korlos, A., Papadakis, V., Mountakis, N., Tsikritzis, D. et al. (2023). The effect of nano zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)-optimized content in polyamide 12 (PA12) and polylactic acid (PLA) matrices on their thermomechanical response in 3D printing. Nanomaterials, 13(13), Article 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131906.Ragaert, K., Delva, L., Van Geem, K. (2017). Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Management, 69(1), 24–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044.Ragaert, K., Delva, L., Van Geem, K. (2017). Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Management, 69(1), 24–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044.European Commission. (2025). Food contact materials. Retrieved from https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/chemical-safety/food-contact-materials_en Accessed September 26, 2025.European Commission. (2025). Food contact materials. Retrieved from https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/chemical-safety/food-contact-materials_en Accessed September 26, 2025.European Commission. (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/10/oj/eng Accessed September 26, 2025.European Commission. (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/10/oj/eng Accessed September 26, 2025.U. S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023). Generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-ingredients-packaging/generally-recognized-safe-gras Accessed September 26, 2025.U. S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023). Generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-ingredients-packaging/generally-recognized-safe-gras Accessed September 26, 2025.U. S. Code of Federal Regulations. (n. d.). 21 CFR Part 177: Indirect food additives: Polymers. Retrieved from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-177 Accessed September 26, 2025.U. S. Code of Federal Regulations. (n. d.). 21 CFR Part 177: Indirect food additives: Polymers. Retrieved from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-177 Accessed September 26, 2025.FAO/WHO. (2011). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Seventy-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 966. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241209665 Accessed September 26, 2025.FAO/WHO. (2011). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Seventy-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Technical Report Series, No. 966. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241209665 Accessed September 26, 2025.Karunakaran, G., Suriyaprabha, R., Manivasakan, P., Yuvakkumar, R., Rajendran, V., Kannan, N. (2013). Impact of nano and bulk ZrO2, TiO2 particles on soil nutrient contents and PGPR. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 13(1), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.6880.Karunakaran, G., Suriyaprabha, R., Manivasakan, P., Yuvakkumar, R., Rajendran, V., Kannan, N. (2013). Impact of nano and bulk ZrO2, TiO2 particles on soil nutrient contents and PGPR. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 13(1), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.6880.Ncube, L. K., Ude, A. U., Ogunmuyiwa, E. N., Zulkifli, R., Beas, I. N. (2020). Environmental impact of food packaging materials: A review of contemporary development from conventional plastics to polylactic acid based materials. Materials, 13(21), Article 4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214994.Ncube, L. K., Ude, A. U., Ogunmuyiwa, E. N., Zulkifli, R., Beas, I. N. (2020). Environmental impact of food packaging materials: A review of contemporary development from conventional plastics to polylactic acid based materials. Materials, 13(21), Article 4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214994.Xu, L., Xiao, Y., van Sandwijk, A., Xu, Q., Yang, Y. (2015). Production of nuclear grade zirconium: A review. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 466(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.07.010.Xu, L., Xiao, Y., van Sandwijk, A., Xu, Q., Yang, Y. (2015). Production of nuclear grade zirconium: A review. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 466(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.07.010.Ray, P. C., Yu, H., Fu, P. P. (2009). Toxicity and environmental risks of nanomaterials: Challenges and future needs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 27(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500802708267.Ray, P. C., Yu, H., Fu, P. P. (2009). Toxicity and environmental risks of nanomaterials: Challenges and future needs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 27(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500802708267.Drishya, P. K., Reddy, M. V., Mohanakrishna, G., Sarkar, O., Isha, Rohit, M. V. et al. (2025). Advances in microbial and plant-based biopolymers: Synthesis and applications in next-generation materials. Macromol, 5(2), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5020021.Drishya, P. K., Reddy, M. V., Mohanakrishna, G., Sarkar, O., Isha, Rohit, M. V. et al. (2025). Advances in microbial and plant-based biopolymers: Synthesis and applications in next-generation materials. Macromol, 5(2), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5020021.Saad, S. M., Hadi, E. M., Hussein, N. N., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Akhtar, M. F., Jabir, M. S. et al. (2026). Enhanced antibacterial activities of zirconia nanoparticles modified with yttrium oxide and alumina. Scientific Reports, 16(1), Article 14711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29085-0.Saad, S. M., Hadi, E. M., Hussein, N. N., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Akhtar, M. F., Jabir, M. S. et al. (2026). Enhanced antibacterial activities of zirconia nanoparticles modified with yttrium oxide and alumina. Scientific Reports, 16(1), Article 14711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29085-0.Zhang, M. Q., Rong, M. Z., Yu, S. L., Wetzel, B., Friedrich, K. (2002). Effect of particle surface treatment on the tribological performance of epoxy based nanocomposites. Wear, 253(9–10), 1086–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00252-1.Zhang, M. Q., Rong, M. Z., Yu, S. L., Wetzel, B., Friedrich, K. (2002). Effect of particle surface treatment on the tribological performance of epoxy based nanocomposites. Wear, 253(9–10), 1086–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00252-1.Pires, A. F., Díaz, O., Cobos, A., Pereira, C. D. (2024). A review of recent developments in edible films and coatings — Focus on whey-based materials. Foods, 13(16), Article 2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162638.Pires, A. F., Díaz, O., Cobos, A., Pereira, C. D. (2024). A review of recent developments in edible films and coatings — Focus on whey-based materials. Foods, 13(16), Article 2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162638.Davar, F., Shayan, N., Hojjati-Najafabadi, A., Sabaghi, V., Hasani, S. (2017). Development of ZrO2-MgO nanocomposite powders by the modified sol-gel method. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 14(2), 211–219. http://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.12624.Davar, F., Shayan, N., Hojjati-Najafabadi, A., Sabaghi, V., Hasani, S. (2017). Development of ZrO2-MgO nanocomposite powders by the modified sol-gel method. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 14(2), 211–219. http://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.12624.European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2021). Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: Human and animal health. EFSA Journal, 19(8), Article e06768. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6768.European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2021). Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: Human and animal health. EFSA Journal, 19(8), Article e06768. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6768.U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2014). Guidance for industry: Assessing the effects of significant manufacturing process changes, including emerging technologies, on the safety and regulatory status of food ingredients and food contact substances, including food ingredients that are color additives. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. FDA. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents Accessed September 26, 2025.U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2014). Guidance for industry: Assessing the effects of significant manufacturing process changes, including emerging technologies, on the safety and regulatory status of food ingredients and food contact substances, including food ingredients that are color additives. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. FDA. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents Accessed September 26, 2025.Lin, C., Huang, X., Xue, Y., Jiang, S., Chen, C., Liu, Y. et al. (2025). Advances in medical devices using nanomaterials and nanotechnology: Innovation and regulatory science. Bioactive Materials, 48(1), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.02.017.Lin, C., Huang, X., Xue, Y., Jiang, S., Chen, C., Liu, Y. et al. (2025). Advances in medical devices using nanomaterials and nanotechnology: Innovation and regulatory science. Bioactive Materials, 48(1), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.02.017.Cheng, J., Gao, R., Zhu, Y., Lin, Q. (2024). Applications of biodegradable materials in food packaging: A review. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 91(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.01.080.Cheng, J., Gao, R., Zhu, Y., Lin, Q. (2024). Applications of biodegradable materials in food packaging: A review. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 91(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.01.080.Olaniyan, O. F., Ariwaodo, C. A., Ibrahim, S. O., Atolani, O., Kambizi, L. (2025). Advances in green synthesis and application of nanoparticles from crop residues: A comprehensive review. Scientific African, 28(1), Article e02654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02654.Olaniyan, O. F., Ariwaodo, C. A., Ibrahim, S. O., Atolani, O., Kambizi, L. (2025). Advances in green synthesis and application of nanoparticles from crop residues: A comprehensive review. Scientific African, 28(1), Article e02654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02654.Han, K., Yang, H., Fan, D., Deng, J. (2025). Advances in nanotechnology research in food production, nutrition, and health. Nutrients, 17(15), Article 2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152443.Han, K., Yang, H., Fan, D., Deng, J. (2025). Advances in nanotechnology research in food production, nutrition, and health. Nutrients, 17(15), Article 2443. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152443.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.