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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">foodsyst</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Food systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пищевые системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2618-9771</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7272</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21323/2618-9771-2026-9-2-199-207</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">foodsyst-1104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Risks of reducing safety of cheese-making products depending on the composition of antibiotics in milk</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Риски снижения безопасности продуктов сыроделия в зависимости от состава антибиотиков в молоке</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9586-3786</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свириденко</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sviridenko</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Свириденко Галина Михайловна – доктор технических наук</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina M. Sviridenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sg_microbiology@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-4522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Марина Борисовна – кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник, отдел микробиологических исследований</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina B. Zakharova, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Researcher, Department of Microbiological Research</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.zakharova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1439</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамыкин</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamykin</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мамыкин Денис Станиславович – кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник, отдел микробиологических исследований</p><p>152613, Ярославская область, Углич, Красноармейский бульвар, 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis S. Mamykin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Researcher, Department of Microbiological Research</p><p>19, Krasnoarmeysky Boulevard, Uglich, 152613, Yaroslavl Region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.mamykin@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт маслоделия и сыроделия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheesemaking</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>199</fpage><lpage>207</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Sviridenko G.M., Zakharova M.B., Mamykin D.S., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Свириденко Г.М., Захарова М.Б., Мамыкин Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sviridenko G.M., Zakharova M.B., Mamykin D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/1104">https://www.fsjour.com/jour/article/view/1104</self-uri><abstract><p>The study is aimed at assessing risks of reducing the safety of semi-hard and soft cheeses during processing of milk containing residual amounts of antibiotics. Using the method of model production, the effect of six classes of antibiotics on the development of starter microflora and their distribution between the cheese dough and cheese whey in the technologies of Gollandsky and Adygeysky cheeses was studied. In order to make the analysis results informative, the amount of added antibiotics significantly exceeded the level standardized in raw milk: ampicillin – 35.0 mcg/kg; tetracycline – 250.0 mcg/kg; chlortetracycline – 250.0 mcg/kg; doxytetracycline – 250.0 mcg/kg; streptomycin – 4000.0 mcg/kg; ciprofloxacin – 50.0 mcg/kg; erythromycin – 2500.0 mcg/kg; chloramphenicol – 200.0 mcg/kg. Ampicillin was found to have the most pronounced bactericidal effect, leading to critical suppression of the starter microbiome. Streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline exhibit moderate inhibition, while ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol have no significant effect on starter cultures. Analysis of the proportional distribution of antibiotics from various groups showed that most of the studied antibiotics are predominantly transferred to the whey (at a level of 85–89 %), which corresponds to the whey-cheese mass distribution. The exception is tetracycline, up to 35 % of which is transferred to the cheese mass. The type of cheese is noted to be one of the determining factors for the final antibiotic content. In Gollandsky cheese, 50–55 % of tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxytetracycline) accumulate in the cheese dough, posing a direct threat to consumers. In Adygeysky cheese, 81–88 % of the studied antibiotics migrate into the whey, which reduces the load on the cheese but leads to by-product contamination and poses a problem for whey recycling. The experimental data obtained highlight the need to consider not only the initial concentration of antibiotics in milk, but also their nature and the process parameters of cheese production when developing cheese safety management systems.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование направлено на оценку рисков снижения безопасности полутвердых и мягких сыров при переработке молока, содержащего остаточные количества антибиотиков. Методом модельных выработок изучено влияние шести классов антибиотиков на развитие заквасочной микрофлоры и их распределение между сырным тестом и подсырной сывороткой в технологиях голландского и адыгейского сыров. В целях информативности результатов анализов количество внесенных антибиотиков существенно превышало нормированный уровень в сыром молоке: ампициллин – 35,0 мкг/кг; тетрациклин – 250,0 мкг/кг; хлортетрациклин – 250,0 мкг/кг; докситетрациклин – 250,0 мкг/кг; стрептомицин – 4000,0 мкг/кг; ципрофлоксацин – 50,0 мкг/кг; эритромицин – 2500,0 мкг/кг; левомицетин – 200,0 мкг/кг. Установлено, что ампициллин оказывает наиболее выраженное бактерицидное действие, приводя к критическому подавлению заквасочного микробиома. Стрептомицин, эритромицин и тетрациклин проявляют умеренное ингибирование, тогда как ципрофлоксацин и левомицетин не оказывают значимого влияния на заквасочные культуры. Анализ долевого распределения антибиотиков различных групп показал, что большинство изученных антибиотиков преимущественно переходят в сыворотку (на уровне 85–89 %), что соответствует массовому распределению сыворотка–сыр. Исключением является тетрациклин, до 35 % которого переходит в сырную массу. Одним из определяющих факторов для конечного содержания антибиотиков отмечен тип сыра. В сыре Голландский 50–55 % антибиотиков тетрациклиновой группы (тетрациклин, хлортетрациклин, докситетрациклин) накапливаются в сырном тесте, создавая прямую угрозу для потребителя, а в сыре Адыгейский 81–88 % исследованных антибиотиков переходит в сыворотку, что снижает нагрузку на сыр, но приводит к загрязнению побочного продукта и создает проблему вторичной переработки сыворотки. Полученные экспериментальные данные подчеркивают необходимость учета не только исходной концентрации антибиотиков в молоке, но и их природы и технологических параметров производства сыров при разработке систем управления их безопасностью.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молоко-сырье</kwd><kwd>сыр</kwd><kwd>сыворотка</kwd><kwd>лекарственные препараты</kwd><kwd>технологические риски</kwd><kwd>безопасность продукции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>raw milk</kwd><kwd>cheese</kwd><kwd>whey</kwd><kwd>medicinal products</kwd><kwd>technological risks</kwd><kwd>product safety</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Cтатья подготовлена в рамках выполнения исследований по государственному заданию № FGUS‑2024-0008 Федерального научного центра пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова Российской академии наук. Авторы выражают благодарность ООО «Юниверс Диагностикс» за поддержку в проведении исследований, а также Научно-исследовательскому испытательному центру ФГБНУ «ФНЦ пищевых систем им. В. М. Горбатова» РАН (НИИЦ) и лично Иванову Алексею Антоновичу, инженеру-исследователю НИИЦ, за выполнение аналитических исследований по количественному определению антибиотиков в экспериментальных образцах.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared as part of research carried out on a government assignment № FGUS‑2024–0008 of the V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The authors express their gratitude to Universe Diagnostics LLC for their support in conducting the research, as well as to Laboratory Center for food and feed testing of the V. M. 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